Aerodynamics is... Framework and features aerodynamics

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2018-03-28 15:16:15

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Aerodynamics – a field of knowledge, studying the motion of air flows and their effects on solids. Is a subkey of hydro - and gasdynamics. Studies in this area date back to antiquity, to the time of the invention of arrows and copies of the plan, allowing for farther and more accurately send the projectile to the target. However, the potential of aerodynamics were fully revealed with the invention of heavier-than air, able to fly or to plan for a considerable distance.

aerodynamics is a

Ancient times

The Discovery of the laws of aerodynamics in the 20th century contributed to a fantastic leap in many fields of science and technology, especially in the transport sector. Her achievements have created a modern aircraft, allowing you to share virtually any area of the planet Earth.

The First mention of the attempted conquest of the skies found in the Greek myth about Icarus and Daedalus. Father and son built wings similar to a bird. This indicates that thousands of years ago people thought about the possibility to get off the ground.

Another surge of interest in the construction of aircraft originated in the Renaissance. A passionate researcher Leonardo da Vinci spent a lot of time this problem. Known for his records in which are explained the principles of operation of a simple helicopter.

fundamentals of aerodynamics

New era

Global breakthrough in science (and Aeronautics in particular) have made Isaac Newton. After all, the basis of aerodynamics is based on a comprehensive science of mechanics, the founder of which was the English scientist. Newton first considered the environment as a conglomerate of particles that together and raced on an obstacle, or stick to it, either elastically reflected. In 1726 he presented a theory of air resistance.

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It was Later revealed that the environment really consists of tiny particles-molecules. The reflectivity of the air to calculate sufficiently accurately, and the effect of "sticking" of the considered unfounded assumption.

Surprisingly, this theory has found practical application centuries later. In the 60s, at the dawn of the space age, the Soviet designers faced with the problem of calculating the aerodynamic drag landers “blunt” spherical shape, landing developing hypersonic speed. Due to the lack of powerful computers to calculate this indicator was problematic. Suddenly it became clear that to accurately calculate the amount of resistance and even pressure distribution on the frontal part by a simple formula of Newton, concerning the effect of "sticking" of the particle to a flying object.

Aerodynamics Development

The Founder of hydrodynamics, Daniel Bernoulli described in 1738 fundamental relationship between pressure, density and velocity for incompressible flow known today as Bernoulli's principle, which is also applicable to calculations of aerodynamic force of lift. In 1799, sir George Cayley became the first person who identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight (weight, lift, drag and thrust), as well as relations between them.

In 1871, Francis Herbert Wenham created the first wind tunnel to accurately measure the aerodynamic forces. Invaluable scientific theories was developed by Jean Le Rondon by d'alembert, Gustav Kirchhoff, and Lord Rayleigh. In 1889, Charles Renard, a French engineer in Aeronautics, was the first man who scientifically calculated the power needed for sustained flight.

aerodynamics in action

Theory into practice

In the 19th century, inventors looked at the wing from a scientific point of view. And thanks to the research of the mechanism of the flight of birds was studied aerodynamics in action, which was later applied to artificial aircraft.

Particularly in studies of the mechanics of the wing succeeded Otto Lilienthal. The German aircraft designer created and tested 11 types of gliders, including a biplane. They also made the first flight in a machine heavier than air. In a relatively short life (46 years old) he had made about 2000 flights, constantly improving design that was more like a glider than a plane. He was killed during a routine flight on August 10, 1896, and becoming a pioneer of Aeronautics, and the first victim of the crash. By the way, one of the gliders, the German inventor personally handed the pioneer in the study of the aerodynamics of the aircraft to Zhukovsky Nikolai Yegorovich.

Zhukovskiy not just experimented with the aircraft. Unlike many enthusiasts of the time, first of all, he considered the behavior of air flow from a scientific point of view. In 1904, he founded the world's first aerodynamic Institute in Kachino near Moscow. 1918 was the head of TSAGI (Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute).

law of aerodynamics

The First aircraft

Aerodynamics-the science that allowed man to conquer the sky. Without studying it, it would be impossible to build aircraft, is steadily moving in the air flow. The first plane in the usual sense, manufactured and took to the air on 7 December 1903 the Wright brothers. However, this event was preceded by a thorough theoretical work. The Americans spent a lot of time debugging a designglider in the wind tunnel of its own design.

During the first flights, Frederick W. Lanchester, Martin Wilhelm Kutta, and Nikolai Zhukovsky has put forward a theory that explained the circulation of the air flow, creating a lifting force. Kutta and Zhukovsky continued to develop two-dimensional wing theory. Ludwig Prandtl credited with the development of the mathematical theory of thin airfoil and lifting forces, as well as work with boundary layers.

Problems and solutions

The importance of the aerodynamics of the aircraft increased with increasing of their velocities. Designers began to encounter challenges associated with air compression at a speed close to or greater than the speed of sound. Differences in flows under these conditions led to problems control the aircraft, increase of resistance due to shock waves and the threat of structural collapse due to aeroelastic flutter. The ratio of flow velocity to the speed of sound was named the Mach number named for Ernst Mach, who was one of the first explored the properties of hypersonic flow.

William John Macquorn Rankin and Pierre Henri Hugoniot independently from each other developed the theory of the flow of air before and after the shock wave, while Jakob, Ackeret has conducted the initial work on calculating the lift and resistance of a supersonic airfoil. Theodor von Pocket, and Hugh Latimer Dryden introduced the term "transonic" to describe the velocities on the border of 1 Mach (965-1236 km/h) when the resistance is growing rapidly. For the first time the sound barrier was broken in 1947 by plane Bell X-1.

aerodynamics

Key features

According to the laws of aerodynamics, to ensure flight in the earth's atmosphere any machine it is important to know:

  • Aerodynamic resistance (X-axis) exerted by the airflow on the object. Based on this parameter is selected in the power plant.
  • Lifting force (Y-axis), providing ascent and allowing the machine to fly horizontally to the surface of the earth.
  • The Moments of the aerodynamic forces on the three axes acting on the flying object. The most important is the moment of lateral forces on the Z-axis (Mz) is directed across the plane (conventionally along the line of the wing). It defines the degree of longitudinal stability (whether the device “dive” or you could turn your nose up when flying).

Classification

The Aerodynamic characteristics are classified according to the conditions and properties of the air flow, including speed, compressibility and viscosity. External aerodynamics-the study of flow around solid objects of various shapes. Examples are the evaluation of lift and vibration of the aircraft, and shock waves formed in front of the nose of the rocket.

The Internal aerodynamics – a study of the air flow moving through the holes (passages) in solid objects. For example, it covers the study of flows through a jet engine.

Aerodynamic performance can also be classified according to the speed of the flow:

  • Subsonic call a speed less than the speed of sound.
  • Transonic (transonic) – if there are speeds both below and above the speed of sound.
  • Supersonic – when a flow rate greater than the speed of sound.
  • Hypersonic-flow velocity much greater than the speed of sound. Usually, this definition of the mean velocity with Mach numbers above 5.

Aerodynamics of the helicopter

If the principle of flight of the aircraft based on the lifting force when the forward movement exerted on the wing of the helicopter as if he creates lifting force due to the rotation of the blades in the axial mode of the sweep (i.e. without forward speed). With this feature, the helicopter is able to hover in place and perform energetic maneuvers around the axis.

aerodynamics of the helicopter

Other uses

Of Course, aerodynamics is applicable not only to aircraft. Air resistance is experienced by all objects moving in space in the gas and liquid medium. It is known that the aquatic creatures-fish, and mammals-possess sleek forms. For example, you can trace the aerodynamics in action. Focusing on wildlife, people also make water transport a pointed or teardrop-shaped. This applies to ships, boats, submarines.better aerodynamics

Significant experience air resistance of the vehicle: it increases with increasing speed. To achieve the best aerodynamics give the car a streamlined shape. This is especially true for sports cars.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/education/10188-aerodynamics-is-framework-and-features-aerodynamics.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/18293-aeradynam-ka---geta-asnovy-asabl-vasc-aeradynam-k.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/18302-aerodynamik-ist-die-grundlagen-und-besonderheiten-der-aerodynamik.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/18315-la-aerodin-mica-es-los-fundamentos-y-caracter-sticas-de-la-aerodin-mic.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/education/10197-aerodynamics-is-framework-and-features-aerodynamics.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/10197-aerodynamics-is-framework-and-features-aerodynamics.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/18293-aerodinamika---b-l-neg-zder-zh-ne-aerodinamika-erekshel-kter.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/18263-aerodynamika---to-podstawy-i-cechy-aerodynamiki.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/18265-a-aerodin-mica-os-fundamentos-e-as-caracter-sticas-da-aerodin-mica.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/18299-aerodinamik---bu-temel-ve-aerodinamik-zellikleri.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/18286-aerodinam-ka---ce-osnovi-osoblivost-aerodinam-ki.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/education/11051-aerodynamics-is-framework-and-features-aerodynamics.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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