Indirect speech in Russian language: the use

Every person sooner or later faces the need to convey verbally or in a letter what he said. However, the method of citation to be entered in quotation marks of speech is not always suitable, because few people remembers verbatim the words of the interlocutor. Then comes to the aid of the phenomenon of indirect speech. In Russian it has some its own characteristics, which will be discussed in the article. Let's deal with this issue in detail.

What is indirect speech

Indirect speech in the Russian language is one of the syntactic ways to report the words of others in the flow of his own words keeping the meaning of the original statements. It is transmitted narrative, motive, and interrogative sentences. The form of indirect speech is a compound sentence. The main part of the sentence is one in which reference is made to the other person's words. For example, "he said”, “she asked”, “they asked". The subordinate part is the one that directly reflects the words convey. For example, “the weather is beautiful”, “so he went outside”, “why would there need a passport”. Between the two parts of a comma: “He said that the weather is good”, “She asked, so he went outside”, “They asked why there need a passport”.

Rules related to unions

Now it is necessary to consider in what ways expresses indirect speech. Rules have their own characteristics. Let's consider the main of them. If the speaker just shared information, it is necessary to use the preposition “what”. For example, John says: “Today I'll go to the theatre”. In indirect speech this would be: "Ivan said that he would go to the theater». If the speaker asked the interlocutor to do something, use the preposition “to”. For example, Irina said: “Help me homework”. It can be passed as follows: "Irina said that I helped her with homework”.

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Transfer of indirect speech in the Russian language uses two methods, which depend on the type of proposal. If the speaker is asking uses a question word (“where”, “when”, “why”, “why”, “how” and others), it becomes a Union. For example, Anna said, “Where in Moscow you can eat?” Then her words are passed like this: “Anna is asked where in Moscow you can eat”. And the second method is used when the interrogative word was. For example, Nikita said: “today You are going to the movies?” It is transmitted via particles “if”: “Nikita asked, will you go to the movies tonight”.

Rules related to pronouns

It is Worth noting, as in the indirect speech usually change the pronouns. So, “I”, “we” replaced “he/she” and “they” therefore, because the one whose speech is passed, it will not be an active subject of conversation. But “you” and “You”, on the contrary, replace “we” and “I”. “He/she” and “they” sometimes, too, should be replaced. If the person said something about someone, and then his words convey this person or these people make use of “You” or “you”.

When they need it man add pronouns. For example, if the chief gives the order: ‘Do the job by Thursday" of the transmitting word will add the pronoun “we”: “the Chief had ordered, so we complete this work by Thursday”.

The Rules associated with verbs

Also, sometimes indirect speech in the Russian language requires you to do some grammatical manipulation verbs. For example, imperative mood is replaced by indicative in the past tense. For example, Victor said, ‘Give me a pen». In indirect speech it will look like this: "Victor asked me to give him a pen”.

Also sometimes you need to change the tense of the verb - the present of the past. For example, Daria said: “Today I'm going to cook the soup”. If her words are transmitted the next day, it is possible to say: “Daria said yesterday she was going to cook the soup”. Dialect “today” is logical is replaced by “yesterday”.

Exercises on understanding indirect speech

It's Not immediately easy to get used to such features of the Russian language, as indirect speech. The exercises below will help to deal with this.

You Can try to translate in indirect speech the following simple suggestions:

• Tyutchev, wrote: “I Love the storm in early may”.
• Irina asked: ‘Pass the salt’.
• Nietzsche claimed: “What does not kill me, makes me stronger”.
• Dmitri said: “now What do I do with this cat?”
• Elina said, “are You coming to University?”
• Kate was thinking: ‘But do I need to go tomorrow?”
• Konstantin thought, “I Wonder if she likes me?”

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is worth saying that, of course, there are pitfalls such phenomena as indirect speech. Russian language is rich on a variety of tricks that are difficult to understand to a foreigner, and sometimes evenmedia. However, this phenomenon always follows the rules, who do not even contain exceptions. So you just have to understand the patterns by which indirect speech is formed. And when understanding comes, will be much easier to use these rules in practice. Try it and see that it's much easier than it seemed at first glance.