Cancer is feared by many, and rightly so. This disease is dangerous and ruthless. Death because of cancer is in second place, conceding superiority only to deaths from heart disease. Sometimes doctors diagnose ‘neoplastic process”. What this means is not clear for all patients. Some even think that it is something good or at least not dangerous. In fact, this diagnosis means the same neoplastic processes that occur in cancer. They affect people of all ages, including infants, may develop in any organ and any tissue of the body, long time did not make themselves known than a very complicate treatment and worsen prognosis. This article discusses the causes of cancer, especially its development and treatment.
Neoplastic processes differently called neoplasia, which literally means "new growth". A more familiar term for this phenomenon – the tumor, which means pathological, excessive, uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, can affect any tissue of the body. The neoplastic process may begin with mutations in one cell, but according to the accepted international system differentialsa only when 1/3 of all the cells of an organ lose their former characteristics and passes into a new state. Thus, the beginning of the formation of cancer cells is only a prelude to the development of disease, but it still doesn't count. The vast majority of cases, the neoplastic process starts in one place. Developing a tumor there is called primary. Further pathological changes affect the work of all human organs, and the disease becomes systemic. Consider the features of cancer cells.
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Our body consists of millions of cells. They have characteristic differences in the structure, depending on the functions of the organ or tissue they are in. But they all obey a single law – to ensure the viability of the system as a whole. Over the life of each cell, there occur sequential cellular changes not related to the neoplastic process and is a response to the command, that it gives the body. So, the multiplication (division) of normal cells starts only when it receives a corresponding signal from outside. It is the presence in the nutrient medium 20% serum and growth factors. These factors, using specific receptors that transmit in a cage “order” to replication (synthesis of daughter molecules) of DNA, that is, to divide. Cancer cells orders are not required. She shares how she pleases, unpredictable and uncontrolled.
The Second immutable law for normal cells is that sharing it can start only when attaching it to a certain extracellular matrix, e.g., for fibroblasts is fibronectin. If no attachment, even in the presence of orders from outside the division is not happening. Cancer cell in the matrix is not needed. After the incident, it transformation, it generates its own “team” to the beginning of the division that strictly complies.
Normal cells live, well, in the friendly community of their own kind. That means division, growth and development of one does not prejudice the existence of the other. Interacting with each other and obeying the “orders” cytokines (information molecules), they cease to multiply when it disappears for the body need. For example, the same fibroblasts divide until forming a dense monolayer and do not establish intercellular contacts. Specific neoplastic process characterized by the fact that atypical cells, even if they have already formed too many, continue to multiply, overlap each other, compress the neighboring cells, destroying them and killing. Cancer cells do not respond to “orders” growth inhibitors of cytokines to stop the division, and moreover, their reproduction does not stop occurring because of their activities unfavorable conditions such as hypoxia, lack of nucleotides. In addition, they behave very aggressive and begin to interfere with the normal synthesis of healthy cells forcing them to produce substances not necessary for them and right for themselves, thus disrupting the metabolic processes. In addition, cancer cells can penetrate the blood move in her current body and settle in other tissues far from the primary tumor, that is, to metastasize.
In the world there is nothing eternal. Healthy cells also have a lifespan within which they carry out their allotted number of divisions, gradually age and die. This phenomenon is called apoptosis. With its help, the body maintains the right number of each type of cells. Neoplastic processes characterized by the fact that mutated cells “forget” the number of divisions that they prescribed by nature, therefore, reaching the target figures continue to mount further. That is, they acquire the ability not to age and die. At the same time with this unique property that cancer cells acquire another – violation of differentiation, that is, tumors may not form specific cells, which synthesize essential proteins, and they begin to multiply, nothaving reached maturity.
A Unique feature of tumours is their ability to very active angiogenesis, i.e. the formation of new blood vessels. In the healthy body angiogenesis occurs in a small volume, for example, in the formation or scarring in the healing of pockets of inflammation. Neoplastic processes can greatly increase the function of the body because if the body proliferating tumors do not appear blood vessels, not all cancer cells will get the nutrients that they also need. In addition, the blood vessels they use to advance further in the body (formation of metastasis).
When a normal cell divides, a subsidiary obtained its exact copy. Under certain factors in her DNA is disrupted, and when the division appears “daughter” is a mutant, possessing any qualities. When it comes to her turn to share, appear more transformed cells. Neoplastic processes that arise from the gradual accumulation of these mutations. The immortality of these cells and their departure from obedience to the orders of an organism leads to the emergence of more malignant variants and the steady progression of tumor growth.
The Cell starts to behave abnormally due to changes in DNA. Why they happen, while there is no exact answer, only theories that neoplastic processes may begin with varying degrees of probability.
1. Inherited genetic predisposition. Installed 200 types of cancer caused by a hereditary abnormality of the following genes:
-responsible for repairing damaged DNA.
-regulating the interaction between cells.
-responsible for the suppression of tumor development.
2. Chemicals (carcinogens). According to who statistics they are responsible for 75% of cases of cancer. Recognized carcinogens are: tobacco smoke, nitrosamines, epoxides, aromatic hydrocarbons – more than 800 elements and their compounds.
3. Physical agents. These include radiation, radiation, exposure to high temperatures, injury to.
4. Endogenous carcinogens. This substance is formed in the body with hormonal disorders, disruptions in metabolic processes.
5. Oncovirus. It is believed that there is a special kind of virus that can trigger the neoplastic process. These include herpes virus, papillomavirus, retrovirus and others.
Poor environment, poor quality food, high psychological stress lead to the fact that cells mutated in humans appear constantly, but the immune protection detects and destroys time. If the immune system is weakened, abnormal cells continue to live and gradually become malignant.
People Often ask the neoplastic process, it is a cancer or not? Simple answer no. All the tumors are divided into two categories:
Sound;
Malignant.
Benign are those in which you can differentiate the cells, and which do not form metastases.
Malignant cells are often completely lose the resemblance to the tissue from which they evolved. These formations have a rapid growth, capacity for infiltration (penetration into the neighboring tissues and organs), and metastases have a pathological effect on the entire body.
Benign tumors without proper treatment very often develop into malignant. Distinguish such types:
-epithelial (have no specific localization);
-epithelial tumors of the endocrine glands and the integuments;
-mesenchymal (soft tissue);
Muscle tissues;
-meninges;
Organs of the nervous system;
Blood (haemoblast);
-teratoma.
Answering the question of the neoplastic process, it is a cancer or not, I should say that in the pathogenesis of tumor development is observed in this state as a precancer. There are two types:
-obligate (almost always turning into cancer)
-optional (turning into cancer is not always). Optional precancer can be called smokers bronchitis or chronic gastritis.
Any neoplastic process is not instantaneous, but gradually, often beginning with atypical changes only one cell. This stage is called initiation. In the cell appear oncogenes (any genes that can turn a cell malignant). The most well-known oncogene p53, which in normal condition is antioncogenes, that is, struggling with the development of tumors, and mutations in them himself, and calls.
In the next step, called promotion, these altered cells begin to divide.
The Third stage is called preinvasive. While the tumor is growing, but in neighbouring authorities has not yet penetrated.
The Fourth stage-invasive.
The Fifth stage – metastasis.
In the early stages of the outbreak the pathology does not manifest itself. Find it very difficult even with such studies, like ultrasound, x-rays, various tests. In the future, patients appear specificsymptoms, the nature of which depends on the localization of the primary tumor. So, its development in the skin or in the breast tumors and the signal of the seal about the development in the ear-hearing loss, in the spine – difficulty in movement, the brain – neurological symptoms in the lungs – cough, in the womb – spotting. When cancer cells begin to invade nearby tissues, they are destroying them in blood vessels. That is what causes the appearance of blood in the secretions, not only from the genitals. So, blood in the urine may occur when developing a neoplastic process of the kidney, bladder or urinary tract infections, blood in the stool may indicate early cancer in the intestines, blood from the nipple – about the tumor in the breast. Such a symptom must cause alarm and to coerce immediate access to a doctor.
Another early symptom is the so-called syndrome of small signs. Its main feature is the wide variety of manifestations. Overall can be called the complaints of patients for weakness, fatigue, appearing suddenly jumps in temperature, unexplained irritation, or, conversely, indifference to everything, loss of appetite, and on this basis emaciation.
In subsequent stages, symptoms of intoxication, as well as discoloration of the skin in jaundice with pale shade, decrease skin turgor, cancer cachexia.
When tumors in the brain tissue due to the fact that this body is limited to the bones of the skull, and for a developing tumor area is very limited, as well as for reasons of specificity of the functions of each part of the brain, the symptoms are the characteristic features, allowing to differentiate localization. Thus, the neoplastic process in the occipital part manifested by the appearance of the patient's visions, violation of color perception. When the process in the temporal region of the visions is not observed, but there are auditory hallucinations. A tumor in the frontal lobe is characterized by a mental disorders of a patient, a violation of his speeches, and in the parietal region a violation of motor functions and sensitivity. The symptoms of lesion of cerebellum – frequent vomiting, and terrible headaches, and lesions of the brain stem – difficulty swallowing, breathing disorders, failures in the work of many internal organs.
In the final stages of all cancer patients experience excruciating pain, to pain that only drugs.
The diagnosis of ‘neoplastic process”, the patient performed a number of tests and administered a comprehensive survey. In recent years, often doing tests for tumor markers. These are substances, which can indicate the presence in the body of the neoplastic process, even in the early stages. In addition, many tumor markers are specific, and their number increases only in the presence of tumors in one organ. For example, the tumor marker PSA indicates that the examinee has started the neoplastic process of prostate and the tumor marker CA-15-3V neoplastic process in the breast. The downside of the analysis for tumor markers is that they can increase in the blood and in other diseases not related to neoplastic processes.
For specification of the diagnosis to the patient, conduct such tests:
-blood, urine;
Ultrasonography
CT;
MRI
-angiography;
-a biopsy (this is a very important analysis which not only detect the presence of cancer, but stage of its development).
In case of suspected cancer of the intestine perform:
- analysis of feces for the presence of occult blood;
-fibrocolonoscopy;
-rektomanoskopii.
Neoplastic process in the brain is best detected by MRI. If the patient this type of diagnostics is contraindicated, he performed a CT scan. Also when brain tumors are:
-pneumoencephalography;
-the electroencephalogram (EEG);
-radioisotope scanning;
-a spinal tap.
If the disease struck children, their treatment consists mainly of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, surgical intervention are rare. For the treatment of adult use all available methods, appropriate for specific stages of the neoplastic process and depending on the place of its localization.
-chemotherapy (systemic treatment, affecting the entire body);
-beam radiotherapy (having effects directly on the tumor can affect adjacent healthy areas);
-hormone therapy (designed to produce hormones that inhibit the growth of the tumor or destroying, for example, neoplastic process in the prostate can be overcome by reducing the level of testosterone);
-immunotherapy (positively affects the entire body);
-gene therapy (scientists are trying to replace mutated to a normal gene for p53);
-surgery (may be performed to remove the tumor or to alleviate the suffering of the patient by reducing overgrown inoperable tumors on surrounding tissue).
Neoplastic process – is not a sentence. In children due to the fact that their young the body is able to recover quickly, the prognosis is favorable in 90% of cases if tumor growth is detected in the early stages. But even in the later stages of detection in the intensive care unitchildren can be completely cured.
Adults Have a favorable prognosis in the first stage of tumor is 80 % and above. In the third stage, a favorable outcome of treatment is observed in 30% -50 % of cases (depending on the localization of education and peculiarities of each individual person). In the fourth stage, according to statistics from 2% to 15% of patients after therapy live 5 years or more. These figures also depend on the localization of the tumor. The least favorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate and brain.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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