The TRANS-Siberian railway. The direction of the TRANS-Siberian railway, history of building

The TRANS-Siberian railway, which was formerly called the great Siberian highway, and today surpasses all the railway lines on earth. It was built from 1891 to 1916, almost a quarter of a century. More than 10 000 km is its length. The direction of the road Moscow - Vladivostok. This is the initial and destination point on it trains. That is the beginning of the TRANS-Siberian railway to Moscow, and the end - Vladivostok. Naturally, trains run in both directions.

Why it was necessary to build the TRANS-Siberian railway?

The Giant Far East, Eastern and Western Siberia in the early 20th century remained cut off from the rest of the Russian Empire. That is why there is a need to build the road, which with minimal costs of time and money it would be possible to get there. It was necessary to navigate through the Siberia rail journey. N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, the General Governor of East Siberia, in 1857, announced officially the question of construction on the Siberian outskirts.

Who financed the project?

Only to the 80-th years the government has allowed the construction of the road. It agreed to Finance the construction on their own, without the support of foreign sponsors. With huge investments demanded the construction of the highway. Its cost, according to preliminary calculations conducted by the Committee for the construction of the Siberian railway amounted to 350 million rubles in gold.

First works

A Special expedition, which is led by A. I. Ursachi, O. P. Vyazemskiy and N. P. Mezheninov, was sent in 1887 in order to identify the optimal location of routes for the passage of the railway.

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The Most difficult and acute was the problem of providing labour for the construction. The output was the direction of the "army of permanent labour reserve" mandatory work. Soldiers and prisoners accounted for most of the builders. The housing conditions in which they worked, were unbearably heavy. Workers housed in filthy, cramped barracks where there was not even a floor. Sanitation, of course, left much to be desired.

How to build a road?

Manually produced all of the work. The most primitive were the tools - shovel, saw, axe, wheelbarrow and a pick. Despite all the inconveniences, was laid approximately 500-600 km. Realizing the grueling day-to-day struggle with the forces of nature, engineers and construction workers handled the honor with the task of construction in a short time the Great Siberian Way.

Creation of the Great Siberian way

Almost completed to the 90-th years was the South Ussuri, Transbaikal and Central Siberian Railways. The Committee of Ministers in 1891, in February, decided that you can already start to work on the creation of the Great Siberian way.

In three steps identified to build the highway. The first West-Siberian railway. Next - Zabaykal'skiy, from Cape to Sretensk. And the last stage - the Circum-Baikal, from Irkutsk to Khabarovsk.

Of the two end points at the same time began the construction of the highway. Western branch in 1898, reached Irkutsk. At that time passengers you need to transfer to the ferry, breaking it 65 miles on the lake Baikal. When it was icebound, the ice breaker was paving the way for the ferry. This weighed 4267 tons machine was made in England to order. Gradually the rails ran along the southern shore of lake Baikal, and the need for it anymore.

Problems during highway construction

In the harsh climatic and environmental conditions was the construction of highways. The route was laid almost in its entirety on a deserted or sparsely populated areas in the impassable taiga. Crossed the TRANS-Siberian railway numerous lakes, the mighty rivers of Siberia, the permafrost and increased waterlogged. Builders unique challenges presented located around the lake area. In order to pave the way, it was necessary to blast rocks, as well as to build additional structures.

Not contributed to the construction of such a massive object, like the TRANS-Siberian railway, natural conditions. In places its construction during the two months dropped to 90% of annual precipitation. Brooks turned in a few hours of downpour in the mighty water flows. Large fields flooded with water in areas where is located the TRANS-Siberian railway. Natural conditions greatly hampered its construction. The flood did not begin in the spring and in August or July. 10-12 strong water rising happened over the summer. Also the work was done in winter, when up to -50 degrees it got cold. People keep warm in the tents. Naturally, they are often ill.

In the East in the mid 50-ies laid was a new branch - from Abakan to Komsomolsk-on-Amur. It is located parallel to the main Magistrali. This line of policy was much more to the North, at a sufficient distance from the Chinese border.

Flood of 1897

A Catastrophic flood occurred in 1897. More than 200 years, was not equal to him. A powerful stream with a height of over 3 metres were demolished built the mound. Ruined flood town Gorodinski, which was founded in the early 18th century. Because of this I had to significantly adjust the initial project was the construction of the TRANS-Siberian railway: the track was required to move to new locations to build defenses, raise the mound, to strengthen the slopes. The builders here for the first time was found with permafrost.

In 1900, began to work the TRANS-Baikal railway. And at the station Moshan in 1907, was built on the permafrost the world's first building that exists today. In Greenland, Canada and Alaska have adopted a new method of construction on permafrost.

Location road, city TRANS-Siberian railway

Another way of doing the train on the TRANS-Siberian railway. The road follows the route Moscow-Vladivostok. From the capital the train crosses the Volga, then turns in the direction of the Urals in the South-East, where about 1800 km from Moscow is the border between Asia and Europe. From Yekaterinburg, located in the Urals, a major industrial centre, is the way to Novosibirsk and Omsk. Across the Ob, one of the most mighty rivers in Siberia with intensive navigation, the train goes further to located on the Yenisei Krasnoyarsk. After this the TRANS-Siberian railroad to Irkutsk, on the southern shore of lake Baikal overcomes a mountain range. Cut one of the corners of the Gobi desert and passing through Khabarovsk, the train goes to the final destination - Vladivostok. This is the direction the TRANS-Siberian railway.

87 cities located on the TRANS-Siberian railway. The population is from 300 thousand to 15 million. Centers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are 14 cities, through which runs the TRANS-Siberian railway.

It serves the regions coal is mined in more than 65% of the total produced in Russia and approximately 20% oil and 25% of the issue volume of commercial timber. Here is about 80% of the deposits of natural resources including timber, coal, gas, oil, and ores of nonferrous and ferrous metals.

Through the border station Naushki, Zabaikalsk, Grodekovo, Hasan in the East of the TRANS-Siberian railway provides access to the network of roads of Mongolia, China and North Korea, and in the West, through the border crossings with the former republics of the USSR and the Russian ports in the European countries.

Features of the TRANS-Siberian railway

Two parts of the world (Asia and Europe) tied the longest railway in the world. Track here, as on all other roads of our country, wider European. She is 1.5 meters.

On a few sites shares the TRANS-Siberian railway:

- the Amur highway;

- the Circum-Baikal;

Manchuria

- Zabaykalsky;

- the Central Siberian;

- West-Siberian;

the Ussuri.

Description sections of the road

The Ussuri road with the total length of 769 km and the number of points on its way - 39, in constant operation came in November 1897. She was the first in the far East railroad.

In 1892, and in June began the construction of the West Siberian. It passes, in addition to the watershed between the Irtysh and the Ishim river, across the plains. Only near the bridges over the major rivers it rises up. The route deviates from the straight only to bypass ravines, ponds, crossing rivers.

In 1898, in January, construction began in Mid-Siberian railway. On her for are bridges across the river Kyi, UDA, Ia, Tom. L. D. Proskuryakov designed a unique bridge through the Yenisei river.

Zabaykalsky is part of the great Siberian railway. It starts on the lake, from the station Cape, and ends on the Amur river, at the Wharf Sretensk. The trail passes along the shore of lake Baikal, on her way to meet the many mountain rivers. In 1895 the beginning...