The carrier rocket "proton-M": characteristic, starting, wreck

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2020-05-30 06:00:16

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proton-mThe Space program has always been "trump" of our country, the pride of its citizens. From the time of the first Sputnik and first man in space we are accustomed to the dynamic development of this industry, which is one of the most important geopolitical arguments.

Unfortunately, the devastation in the 90 years has thrown the industry back, but lately things are starting to improve. Proof of this can be resumed the flights of heavy missiles «proton-M", which could orbit the record volumes of cargo.

History

By 1960, which is almost officially considered a time of unprecedented rise of the Soviet space program, it became clear the need of the state in a very powerful launch vehicle that could orbit more cargo. Of course, the “first fiddle” in lobbying for such plans played not even the official space program, and the military, who needed a powerful "truck" to transport into space the heavy military cargo.

Both sides of the Cold War in those years showed an unprecedented interest in the plans for the withdrawal in a geostationary orbit heavy duty hydrogen bombs. Fortunately, to the practical implementation of such suicidal steps the military of the USSR and the USA still not reached, but the rocket «proton-M" by that time was ready.

Let us Return to the immediate history of the creation. To develop was tasked OKB-52, the head of which stood V. N. Chelomey. To this office could cope with the unimaginable amount of work that had to perform in a relatively short period of time, it was necessary to include more than a dozen aircraft design from across the country.

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Already in 1962 he created the first prototype. The rocket was called the ‘UR-200”. From 1962 to 1964 was held from nine trial runs of new equipment.

proton mass and e m

New test

All of them were successful, but in 1961, even before the test flights, Chelomey himself insisted on the development of a new prototype. According to calculations, he was supposed to be five (!) times heavier than the original version!

Originally, the creators wanted to go the way of "least resistance”, connecting two missiles ‘UR-200”, and adding the resulting designs another boost stage. However, preliminary calculations clearly showed that the reliability of this design will clearly leave a lot to be desired.

As a result, it was decided to create a new rocket ‘UR-500”, but for some simplification of calculations, the scientists settled on compromise: taking the sequential arrangement of steps, as top of they used one for the ‘UR-200”. Of course, the original project was significantly redesigned.

Engines

 rocket proton-mWith the engine developers had to Tinker. The fact that the result of a long debate, they chose the multi-block version of the layout of the first stage. This scheme gave the opportunity to blend technology in spans of bridges and tunnels when transporting rocket stages, but imposes some restrictions on the fuel used.

Classic oxygen-kerosene pair was nearly impossible, as would be required to significantly increase the size, but because as fuel have chosen toxic unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine with tetroxide nitrogen as the oxidant.

On this basis there was a conflict with Korolev, who demanded just kerosene. Until 1965, conducted large-scale tests of a new power plant in conditions as close to reality.

Subsequent history

As often happened in the domestic space of those years, politics dominated over all. By 1965, when the project was already almost completely ready, the enterprise is plagued by inspections on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev. It is with undisguised mistrust legacy of his predecessor.

But because the development of the ‘UR-200” was finally stopped. Fortunately, 500-th model was able to defend. In mid-1965, on orbit, was successfully launched the satellite "proton". The signal from him has managed to get only a few hours after the launch, so for a long time the run was considered unsuccessful.

In the first publications of the press the rocket is mistakenly called the name of the satellite. But it soon caught on, and therefore since 1965 in our space and there was “proton-M". More precisely, instead of the index «M» the rocket was the prefix “To”.

Streamline it became known only in 2001, when the orbit it first threw the cargo.

Key features

launch of a proton mFeatures of this miracle of the Soviet-Russian rocket really impressive. The layout of missiles – a three-stage. Itself lot “Proton And E M” – 702 tons! Rocket allows you to bring to geosynchronous transfer orbit six tons of payload.

The First stage has a diameter of more than six meters, the third – more than four. Given that the fuels used are highly toxic components, requires strict compliance with all security standards of training of the missile and the launch pad for her.

The start up cost – at least $ 100 million. By the way, forAmerican rocket Delta IV Heavy, which is one of the main competitors of our system “proton-M" of the figure is… 265 million dollars. Three times higher!

proton-m

The Sad statistics

Alas, in the name of the article not just so is the word “collapse”. Not only the size and number of output of goods became famous the media. The fact that the missile «proton-M" known the number of their failed launches. This tradition went even with its predecessor.

Judge for yourself. The first of four runs, held from 1965 to 1966, he was unsuccessful because of the accident, the second booster stage. However, it would be strange to expect the reverse, since testing of fundamentally new techniques of this kind are always associated with a high probability of failure.

In General, there are approximately 47 of the cases, when the launch of the “proton-M" ended in failure. Given that there were approximately 400 starts, we get about 89% of successful start-UPS.

The Most famous of the disaster

Crash of the carrier rocket would hardly have caused a wide public resonance (especially since the contingency has happened with "Proton" constantly), but that's only with the launch associated with the development of the domestic system of global positioning GLONASS.

So those $ 100 million, which costs the start itself, simply worthless compared to the damage that the state has in case of loss of at least one such satellite. This is particularly apparent in 2010, when just three satellites GLONASS went not into orbit, and into the Pacific Ocean.

Then the Damage amounted to 3 billion rubles, not counting the price of the rocket itself. As a result of this accident (which occurred due to errors when filling stages of fuel) lost their jobs, dozens of high - “space” officials.

In 2011, again due to problems with engines, missiles, failed to correct for upper stage orbit unique companion «Express AM4”. It was bound to complete the transition to digital television broadcasting in our country. To save the device tried all the world has been involved telemetry station on the planet, but to prevent combustion of the satellite in the atmosphere was not possible.

The Cost of damage is estimated at least 10 billion rubles.

In 2012, there was actually a similar story with two communication satellites. Again, due to a failure in the fuel system of the rocket apparatus were put into the wrong orbit. To establish contact with them failed, the technique was recognized as the lost. The cost of damage – about the same 10 billion.

In mid-2013, epic GLONASS continued. Again, three long-suffering companion (!) exploded along with the rocket. The investigation was thorough. This time the blame was placed on the sensors of angular velocity, which, with the Assembly set is rotated 180 degrees from its normal position. Because of this, the booster went in a completely wrong orbit.

Finally, in may of this year to the bottom again went the satellite “Express”, re-buried the plans for a speedy transition to digital broadcasting.rocket carrier proton-m

Conclusions and perspectives

As a result of all the above cases lost service many chiefs. The government has allocated about 2 billion rubles for the best preparation for the launches of missiles of this type. As a result, the cost of running one "Proton" (including all losses) equaled that of American missiles «Atlas-5”.

Despite this, PH «proton-M" remains one of the most important pillars of commercial launches. Even with accidents cost of output in geostationary orbit remains the lowest in the world, and because of lack of potential partners and customers Roscosmos is not experiencing.rocket booster

New rocket

However, experts have long said that “proton-M" soon his flies. The fact is that currently, the intensive development of «Angara». This new modular rocket is not only cheaper than its predecessor, but also much easier to manufacture. In “Hangar” is used a kerosene-oxygen engines. It is possible to launch from spaceport «Plesetsk» and «East», Kazakhs without paying astronomical amounts for rent "Baikonur".

Despite such promising prospects, rocket «proton-M" will probably be used for a long time, as the development of new equipment is delayed.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/business/22515-the-carrier-rocket-proton-m-characteristic-starting-wreck.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/b-znes/39970-raketa-nos-b-t-praton-m-haraktarystyka-zapusk-krushenne.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/business/39485-booster-proton-m-eigenschaft-starten-absturz.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/centro-de/39250-el-cohete-portador-proton-m-caracter-stica-el-lanzamiento-la-ruina.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/business/24120-the-carrier-rocket-proton-m-characteristic-starting-wreck.html

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PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/biznes/42190-rakieta-no-na-proton-m-charakterystyka-uruchomienie-wrak.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/neg-cios/41815-o-foguete-portador-proton-m-caracter-stica-a-execu-o-o-naufr-gio.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/business/36904-g-lendirici-proton-m-zelli-i-al-t-r-bat-k.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/b-znes/40827-raketa-nos-y-proton-m-harakteristika-zapusk-avar-yu.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/business/39523-the-carrier-rocket-proton-m-characteristic-starting-wreck.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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