ZiS-154 - the first domestic car with a hybrid engine

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2020-01-04 05:00:12

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8 December 1946 passed the test the first domestic bus ZIS-154, which had a wagon. And it was not his only peculiarity. The new bus was the first Soviet car with a hybrid powertrain. That is, it was implemented consistent scheme. In it, the internal combustion engine rotates a generator, which, in turn, fueled the motors that transmit torque to the drive wheels.

VMS 154

Start and prototypes

Work on the project began in early spring of 1946. By may of the same year, the ZIS was organized a specialized KB buses, which began construction of a new car. The Bureau was headed by A. I. Sergeev. It should be noted that the design of the bus was not created from scratch. Prototypes of new models were American GMC and Mack. These machines had a wagon and a body made of aluminum alloy that was later used in the construction of the body of the ZIS-154.

The Engine of the new machine also did not differ originality. Two-stroke powerplant, with a capacity of 110 HP (yaz-204D), in essence, was a “pirate” copy of the American engine from GMC. Buses of Moscow had to accept a new car to the 800 anniversary of the capital of the USSR. Therefore, to avoid unforeseen situations during the anniversary celebration, first released on 45 “exemplary” copies ZIS domestic powerplant was replaced by diesel GMC-4-71 received in the war from the allies under lend-lease.

buses in Moscow

Bus aluminium

As the VMS never released a machine with all-metal monocoque body, it was decided to involve the construction of bus specialists Tushino aircraft factory. As a result of joint work of the two CB were a monocoque design which was a set of several similar sections consisting of frames, cast steel and aluminum profiles. Also the body structure of the ZIS-154 decided to unify with the body of the trolleybus MTB-82B and tram MTV-82. The difference lies only in the fact that for these modes of transport, he made not a carrier.

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bus ZIS 154

Transmission bus

Power unit located transversely in the rear overhang of the bus, under the five-seater sofa. Diesel yaz-204 D connected with the power generator, supplying DC current to the motor through a cardan rotation is transmitted to the rear drive axle. Changing the direction of movement (forward or backward) was carried out using the switch located near the driver's seat. The switch was allowed to perform only after a full stop of the bus.

The Value of the required tractive force is regulated automatically, which was a definite plus of electric transmission. In this regard, the work of the driver considerably easier. There is no need to switch gears, respectively, and the squeezing of the clutch pedal that in an urban setting was important. However, this required careful and, most importantly, a qualified Assembly services, which, of course, at that period of time was a big problem because of the novelty of the system and the lack of specialists able to repair.

In addition, the energy transmitted from the internal combustion engine until it got to the wheels, held double conversion with substantial efficiency losses. And this led to a large consumption of fuel (65 litres per 100 km). However, the new ZIS went into the series. By early July, the buses of Moscow has accepted in its ranks the first 7 cars were produced by the factory. On September 7, the fleet is supplemented by another 25 units.

design a bus

The joy of the passengers

The design of the bus in terms of passengers ' convenience turned out pretty good. The salon was designed for 60 people, including 34 sessile. Tight fitting seat with imitation leather or plush. For the winter period ZIS-154 was equipped with good heating and summer ventilation. Added comfort and soft suspension. The bus slowly accelerated, uniformly moving, in comparison with the previous models car was just a miracle. However, during operation revealed a significant disadvantage, which ultimately led to the removal of the car from production.

VMS 154

Big problem of the new bus

The problem of the ZIS-154 was the engine. In addition to the large fuel consumption, yaz-204D was very noisy. He still beat Cadel black exhaust. But even this was not the worst. Periodically, diesel bus, that is, "went crazy", that is, independently and uncontrollably increased the momentum. To stop him, the driver had to pull the fuel line. And if you remember what engine was in the rear of the car, it really was a serious problem.

“Dressing” has become a real scourge of the ZIS-154. Even in the instructions for safe operation of the bus driver was instructed to stop the bus hand and foot brake. Then he had to ask the conductor or someone from the passengers to continue braking, and to immediately be routed to the engine compartment and remove the fuel line, therebyto interrupt the supply of fuel to the injectors of the engine. To resolve this issue, the factory could not, as I don't exactly know the root cause of the phenomenon.

Therefore, already in 1950, that is, three years after the start of production, the serial production of ZIS-154 was completely stopped. However, during this time, the plant managed to produce 1165 “the wonder of buses”, from where the bus parks tried to get rid of all the crook. Of course, the bus though, and was an innovation for its time, but very unsuccessful, and therefore has not received further development.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/cars/20525-zis-154.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/a-tamab-l/38168-z-s-154---pershaya-aychynnaya-mashyna-z-g-brydnym-ruhav-kom.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/autos/37779-zis-154---die-erste-heimische-auto-mit-hybridmotor.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/coches/37565-zis-154---la-primera-interno-de-la-m-quina-con-un-motor-h-brido.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/cars/22198-zis-154.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/cars/20177-zis-154.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/avtomobil-der/38576-zis-154---al-ash-y-otandy-mashina-gibridnym-oz-alt-yshy.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/samochody/40120-zis-154---pierwszy-krajowy-samoch-d-z-silnikiem-hybrydowym.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/carros/39778-pis-154---o-primeiro-nacional-a-m-quina-com-motor-h-brido.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/arabalar/35033-z-s-154---ilk-yerli-makinesi-ile-bir-hibrid-motor.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/avtomob-l/38977-z-s-154---persha-v-tchiznyana-mashina-z-g-bridnim-dvigunom.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/cars/31245-zis-154.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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