What is the encoding of information and its processing?

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2018-03-26 14:08:17

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In the world there is a constant exchange of information flows. Sources can be people, technical devices, different things, objects, inanimate and animate nature. To get information may be one object or several.
what is the encoding of informationFor better exchange of data is carried out simultaneously with the encoding and processing of information by the transmitter (prepare data and convert them into a form suitable for transmission, processing and storage), transmission and decoding on the receiver side (transformation of coded data into original form). It related tasks: source and receiver must have similar algorithms to process the information or the process of coding-decoding will be impossible. Coding and processing of graphics and multimedia information are typically implemented on the basis of computing.

the Coding and processing image information

Encoding information on a computer

There are many ways of processing the data (texts, numbers, graphics, video, audio) through the computer. All information processed by computer are represented in binary — with numbers 1 and 0, called bits. Technically, this method is very easy: 1 — an electrical signal is present, 0-absent. From the point of view of a man, such codes are inconvenient for perception — long lines of zeros and ones that represent encoded characters, very hard to decipher. But such a record format immediately demonstrates that such coding of the information. For example, the number 8 in binary bit form looks like the following bit sequence: 000001000. But the fact that difficult people, just the computer. Electronics are easier to handle many simple items than a small number complex.

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the Coding and processing of graphical and multimedia information

Text Encoding

When we press a button on the keyboard, the computer receives a code of the pressed button, looks it up in a standard table of ASCII (American code for information interchange), “understand” which button is pressed and sends this code for further processing (for example, to display the symbol on the monitor). To store the character code in the binary form uses 8 bits, so the maximum number of combinations is equal to 256. The first 128 characters used for control characters, digits and Latin letters. The second half is for national symbols and graphics.

Text Encoding

It will be Easier to understand what is the encoding of information, for example. Consider codes English symbol “” and the Russian letter “C”. Note that the uppercase characters and their codes are different from lowercase. The English character will look like 01000010, and Russian - 11010001. What for the person on the screen looks the same, the computer interprets it completely different. It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that the codes for the first 128 characters remain unchanged, and starting from 129 and one further binary code may correspond to different letters depending on the code table. For example, the decimal code 194 may correspond to КОИ8 the letter “b”, СР1251 - “In”, ISO “T” and encoding СР866 and the Mac in General this code does not correspond to any single character. Therefore, when opening the text instead of Russian words see symbolic gibberish, it means that the encoding of information, we do not need to select a different conversion characters.

Coding numbers

In the binary system take only two possible values-0 and 1. All the basic operations with binary numbers uses a science called binary arithmetic. These actions have their own characteristics. Take, for example, the number 45, typed on the keyboard. Each digit has its own eight-bit code code table ASCII, so the number takes up two bytes (16 bits): 5 - 01010011, 4 - 01000011 . In order to use this number in calculations, it is translated by special algorithms in a binary number system in the form of eight-bit binary number: 45 - 00101101.

the coding and processing of information

Coding and processing of graphics information

50 years on computers that are often used in scientific and military purposes, for the first time implemented a graphical display of the data. Today, the visualization of information received from a computer, is conventional and familiar to any human phenomenon, and in those days it produced an extraordinary revolution in the machinery. Perhaps affected by the impact of the human psyche: clearly presented information is better absorbed and perceived. A big breakthrough in the development of data visualization occurred in the 80-ies, when the coding and processing of graphics information received a powerful development.

the coding and processing of multimedia information

Analog and digital representation of graphics

The Graphics information is of two types: analog (painting with continuously changing color) and discrete (picture consisting of a plurality of dots of different colors). For the convenience of working with images on the computertreated — the spatial discretization in which each element is assigned a specific color value in the form of a personal code. Coding and processing image information similar to the mosaic work, consisting of a large number of small fragments. The quality of the coding depends on the size of the dots (the smaller the element size of the points is greater number per unit area, — the higher the quality) and the size of the palette of colors used (the more color the States can take each point, respectively, carrying more information, the better the quality).

Creating and storing charts

There are a few basic image formats-vector, raster and fractal. We consider separately the combination of raster and vector — widespread in our time, multimedia 3D graphics represents the techniques and methods of creating three-dimensional objects in virtual space. Coding and processing of graphics and multimedia information are different for each image format.

coding of multimedia information

A Bitmap image

The Essence of this graphic format is that the picture breaks into small colored dots (pixels). Upper-left point of the control. Encoding graphical information always starts from the left corner of the image line by line, each pixel receives a color code. The volume bitmap can be calculated by multiplying the number of points on an information volume of each of them (which depends on the number of color options). The higher the resolution of the monitor, the larger the number of raster lines and dots in each row, respectively, the higher the image quality. For processing the graphics data of the raster type, you can use the binary code, since the brightness of each point and the coordinates of its location can be represented as integers.

test encoding image information

Vector image

The Encoding of graphical and multimedia information type vector is to ensure that a graphic object is rendered in the form of basic lines and arcs. The line properties, the underlying object are the shape (straight or curve), color, thickness, style (dash or solid line). Those lines that are closed, have another property — the filling of other objects or colors. The position of the object is determined by start and end point of line and radius of curvature of the arc. The amount of graphical information of the vector format is much smaller bitmap, but it requires special software to view graphs of this type. There are also programmes — vectorizers that converts raster images into vector.

what is the encoding of information

Fractal graphics

This type of graphic, like vector, based on mathematical calculations, but its basic component is the formula itself. In computer memory there is no need to store any images or objects, the picture is drawn only by the formula. Graphics of this type it is convenient to visualize not only simple regular structures, but complex illustrations, imitating, for example, landscapes in games or emulators.

the coding and processing of information

Sound waves

What is the encoding of the information can still be demonstrated on the example of work with sound. We know that our world is full of sounds. Since ancient times, people figured out how born the sound waves of compressed and rarefied air acting on the tympanic membrane of the ear. People can perceive waves with a frequency of 16 Hz to 20 kHz (1 Hertz-one oscillation per second). All waves, frequency vibrations which fall within this range are called sound.

Audio options

Characteristics of sound are pitch, timbre (color of the sound, depending on the shapes), height (frequency, which is determined by the frequency of vibrations per second) and volume-dependent intensity fluctuations. Any real sound consists of a mixture of harmonic oscillations with a fixed set of frequencies. The oscillation with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental tone, and the rest — overtones. Special coloring of the sound gives the tone — a different number of overtones inherent in the sound. That is the tone we can recognise the voices of loved ones, to distinguish the sound of musical instruments.

Programs to work with sound

Conventionally, the program functionality can be divided into several types: utility and drivers for sound cards that work with them at a low level, audio editors, which produce various operations with audio files and apply various effects, software synthesizers and converters analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC).

the Coding and processing image information

Audio

The encoding of the multimedia information is to convert the analog nature of the sound at discrete, for convenient processing. The ADC receives inputs from the analog signal, measures its amplitude at certain time intervals and outputs a digital sequence with changes of amplitude. No physical change does nothappening.

The Output signal is discrete, therefore, the more often the frequency of measurement of the amplitude (a sample), the more accurate output signal corresponds to the input, the better is the encoding and processing of multimedia information. Samples also called an ordered sequence of digital data received through the ADC. The process is called sampling, in Russian — sampling.

test encoding image information
The Reverse transformation occurs by means of the DAC: on the basis of the input digital data at certain points of time, the generation electric signal of the necessary amplitude.

Sampling Parameters

Basic parameters of superovaya are not only frequency measurement but the bit — the accuracy of the measurement of the amplitude change for each sample. The more accurately transmitted when digitizing the amplitude value of the signal within each time unit, the higher the quality of the signal after ADC, the higher the accuracy of the reconstruction wave in the reverse conversion.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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