Types of necrosis, causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention

Doctors often have to deal with this problem, as the necrosis. Types, causes and treatment of this disease can be safely attributed to the category relevant to modern society of information. Because the symptoms of necrosis of tissues and cells facing a lot of ordinary people. And sometimes the result of such a process can be fatal. Therefore, to study this question makes sense.

What is necrosis

This refers to the necrosis of cells in the human body with the final stop of their functions. That is, the activity in a specific area of the body after the completion of the necrotic process no longer possible.

Virtually all types of necrosis appear due to the influence of a very strong stimulus. Sometimes to such causes as a weak irritant. In this case, the effect should be long lasting for serious harm. As an example, the slow development is to lead the transformation reversible to irreversible degeneration. This process is divided into several key stages. We are talking about parametrise when changes are still reversible, necrobiosis (the changes are irreversible, but the cells are still alive), and necrosis, at which autolysis occurs.

Under the autolysis is necessary to understand the fact autodigestion of tissues and cells that have died because of the effects of certain enzymes. In fact, this process is very needed for the body, because it makes possible complete regeneration after necrosis.

Various factors

Studying the subject, it is logical to pay attention to the factors that result may be different types of necrosis. The list looks as follows:

- Heat. The effect of temperature falling below the level of -10°C or above +60°C.

- Mechanical. This tearing, squeezing, crushing.

- the Circulatory. We are talking about the cessation of the blood supply in a certain area of the body due to obliteration of the vessel or prolonged spasm. The vessel can also be too much compressed harness or blocked by a clot. We cannot exclude the effect of the tumor.

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Electric. Upon contact with the shock on the body can influence the critical temperature, causing necrosis of the cells.

- Toxic. Certain types of necrosis may be a consequence of the decay of micro-organisms or the impact of their waste products.

- Neurogenic. Due to damage to the nerve trunks to the spinal cord are formed trophic ulcers.

- Chemical. This group of factors includes the impact of acids and alkalis. First dissolve proteins and thus cause wet colliquation necrosis. The second cause coagulation of the proteins and lead to the development of dry coagulation necrosis.

As you can see, the state of the cells can affect a variety of factors.

Varieties of necrosis

Necrosis of tissues and cells can manifest itself in different ways. And the differences are sometimes significant. Here are the most common types of necrosis:

- Gangrene. Is tissue necrosis, which are in contact with the external environment. It can be dry (coagulative necrosis) or wet (colliquation tissue destruction). There is also a gas form due to exposure to spore-forming microorganisms.

- the Sequester. This necrotizing land located in sequestrating cavity, separated from the healthy tissue and filled with pus.

a heart - attack. Studying necrosis, definition, types and characteristics of the disease, this form attention need to be mandatory. We are talking about the area of an organ or tissue that has undergone necrosis due to the abrupt cessation of blood supply. In fact we are talking about ischemia. It is for this reason this is often called ischemic necrosis.

Wet, he colliquation. In this state incapable of functioning tissue putrid melted mikroorganizmami.

Dry necrosis (coagulation). At the heart of its development is dehydrate tissue and coagulation of proteins. The fabrics in this type of necrosis become thick, wrinkled, atrophic and dry. This form is difficult to hydrolytic splitting and are most likely to occur under aseptic conditions.

Direct and indirect forms of immobilization

Considering the necrosis, causes, signs, types and examples of this disease should pay attention to two manifestations of this problem, the main difference of which is reduced to the mechanism of occurrence.

The First of these is direct necrosis. This process is characteristic of cell death directly to the place where the effect of the damaging agent. It can be mechanical or chemical trauma, the influence of beam energy, bacteria and toxins they produce. This includes allergic necrosis and the damage that are the result of the destructive effect of high concentrations of alkalis and acids.

Indirect necrosis is somewhat different. The main difference is the fact that the process of death of tissues and cells can occur at a certain distance from the place where a damaging agent. Here isthe meaning attributed to such types of necrosis, as treponematosis and vascular.

It is Worth noting that at an early age is more common straight shape of lesions, which is caused mostly by allergies and various microbial factors.

The Impact of apoptosis

This is a special form of manifestation of the destruction of cells and tissues. She must pay attention, if the goal is to deal with the fact that this necrosis. Apoptosis failure modes, discussed above, leaves out because of its unusual scheme of development. The point is that cell death in this case occurs due to activation in the nucleus of the special genes. In fact, it is suicide. It is not talking about the impact from the outside, the destruction is programmed by the body.

The Reason for the inclusion of apoptotic genes is the activation of cytoplasmic protein p53, which is able to adapt to a variety of factors in the extracellular environment. Such a spontaneous process can be at different mutational alterations of genes.

From the usual necrosis apoptosis is characterized in that the destructive process begins immediately in the cell nucleus, and then is recorded the death of the cytoplasm. In classic form, the opposite is true: the cytoplasm is the first stage of damage and the nucleus in the latter.

Another difference is that during apoptosis dying individual cells throughout the body, while the usual necrosis implies a large source of destruction.

Diagnostics

Information about this issue, as the necrosis (stages, types, outcome), does not provide much benefit, if the necrosis of cells or tissues will not be revealed in time. Therefore, the diagnosis largely depends the fate of the patient.

If there is reason to suspect necrosis of internal organs, it is necessary to carry out the following examination types:

- radiography;

MRI

- radioisotope scanning;

CT.

Thanks to these techniques it becomes possible for accurate sizing and locations of the affected area. This survey also allows you to lock the dangerous changes in the structure of tissues and to accurately determine the form of the disease and its stage.

Outcome

A problem Such as necrosis, can have several logical completions.

The First is the resorption nekrotizirovannah tissue, followed by complete recovery. As example, the healing of small areas of necrosis in the liver or on the skin.

Considering the necrosis, stages, types, outcome And the effects of this disease, one needs to pay attention to the fact that sometimes the process of cell death ends with the resorption of scarring. It can be a scar on the skin after exposure to thermal or chemical factors, as well as a mark on the heart tissue, especially when there was myocardial infarction.

In some cases, the process of resorption can result in formation of cysts. This often occurs in the brain after ischemic stroke, which had the form of a heart attack.

Another possible outcome of necrosis is a rejection of the type of mutilatio or exfoliation. In the first case, this refers to the process of rejection of organs or their parts. As an example, can result in the loss of the toes with gangrene. To slushayutsya well can the intestinal epithelium or the epidermal cells that had died.

Encapsulation and the General death

As another outcome of necrosis is possible to determine the encapsulation of the process. This condition of the tissues is observed at the impossibility of their resorption or rejection. Such an outcome is possible in tuberculosis.

The Last and most severe form, which can be the outcome of this disease is a common death. The reason for this completion of the process of ossification may be any type of necrosis according to the etiological factor Impact of chemical lesion to a heart attack.

The Death of the whole organism can include two stages: clinical and biological. In the first case the process can be reversed in the second chance of a positive result is not - breathless, heart activity disappears and stops blood flow.

The Cause of clinical death can be a massive blood loss, shock, and agony.

Treatment

If you have been diagnosed with necrotic changes in the tissues, it is imperative to conduct an admission to the hospital.

Most Often, to achieve the desired result of use medical therapy aimed at restoring blood flow in the affected area of the body, whether organ or tissue. If necessary, can be carried out detoxication therapy or administration of antibiotics.

In some cases the only relevant measure is surgery, which is reduced to the excision of the dead tissue or amputation.

But depending on the form of the disease the treatment may have significant differences. In particular, the most common form of necrosis Vascular, it requires a special approach, because we are talking about heart attacks.

Surgery

In the case of diagnosingextensive necrosis of the chest and extremities, which significantly disturb the nutrition of the cells, lymph and blood circulation, and innervation, being necrotomy. This dissection of tissues that have died as a result of frostbite, burns and other reasons. It can help you quickly convert wet gangrene into dry.

This is the excision and removal of the dead tissue is carried out only after determining the boundaries of necrosis using a mechanical stimulus. It may be touching the metal surgical instrument or the needle from the syringe.

When dry gangrene surgery is sometimes postponed to the moment until necrotic tissue will not be completely separated. In parallel, it is necessary to carry out competent to prevent the development of wet gangrene.

In Order not to face such a dangerous diagnosis, as the necrosis should initially take care of the prevention of impact of those factors that can damage tissues and cells, thereby starting the process of ossification.

Results

Having Considered the types of necrosis depending on the reasons and other factors, we can conclude that the disease is extremely dangerous and needs quality rapid diagnostics. Without professional treatment, the situation will be difficult to change. So the best thing to do at the first symptoms, indicating necrosis is the without delay to visit the doctor.