Stroke: symptoms, types, causes, first aid, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation

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2019-04-21 23:20:40

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Of stroke symptoms everyone should know. Even if you do not consider yourself to risk, knowledge about the signs of this dangerous disease, may help to save someone's life. So, what is a stroke?

In the ICD-10 this pathology a separate code in the section "Cerebrovascular disease" I60-I64. The disease in the predominant number of cases leads to death or disability. That acute ischemic stroke is an incredibly dangerous condition, known. The effects of stroke is damage to the Central nervous system, death of nerve cells. A threat to the health of a patient with this disease is its spontaneous and rapid development. If time does not begin treatment, not to render aid at the first signs of stroke in women and men is virtually no chance of survival.

When the first symptoms of circulatory disorders of the brain must call the emergency medical help! The only way to save human life and to minimize the risk of irreversible complications.

Causes

Acute cerebrovascular disease is localized to a separate region of one of the hemispheres. Symptoms of a stroke are the result of thrombosis or rupture of a blood vessel. What triggers this violation as a trigger mechanism, is difficult to answer. But something is known about the factors that increase the likelihood of disease.

  • Hypertension and frequent hypertensive crises;
  • Narrowing of the lumen of the carotid arteries;
  • Thrombosis of brain vessels and neck;
  • Embolism;
  • Problems of blood clotting;
  • Aneurysm;
  • Heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias;
  • Atherosclerosis,
  • Diabetes;
  • Alcohol abuse, drug use;
  • Sleep disturbances, including sleep apnea;
  • Increased physical activity;
  • Traumatic brain injury;
  • Vasospasm caused by hypothermia;
  • Age-related changes of the vessel walls.

Regardless of the causes of disease, ‘stroke’ is extremely dangerous to human life, therefore, of great importance is the awareness of its signs and rules of first aid.

Types of stroke

In a preferential number of patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke. The cause is a narrowing or blockage of the arteries of the brain, which leads to the cardiac arrest and lack of oxygen to brain cells.

diagnosis of stroke

Two minutes of ischemia is enough to keep the brain cells began to die. The types of ischemic stroke include:

  • Thrombotic – it happens because of the formation of a blood clot in one of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. This files most often occurs in patients suffering from atherosclerosis
  • Embolic-a blood clot formed at the site of the blood vessel outside the brain because of an irregular heartbeat.

The Second group of acute disorders of cerebral circulation – hemorrhagic stroke, caused by a rupture of a blood vessel. The second name of this disease – intracerebral hematoma. The bleeding may be subarachnoid, i.e. to occur in the space between the brain surface and the skull bone.

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Transient ischemic attack

Allocate yet another variety of acute disorders of cerebral circulation-stroke. In this case, the blood clot partially prevents the flow of blood, but not causing serious damage, because blocking of the vessel is short. Transient ischemic attack lasts no more than 5 minutes, but this episode is characteristic of the emergence of the same symptoms that occur in thrombotic stroke.

Symptoms of a stroke

In men and women symptoms of this disease does not have any differences and proceed according to a single scenario. The difference can be only in the causes of development and the characteristics of the disease. Recognizing the signs of acute circulatory disorders of the brain, it is important to act immediately – urgently call a team of doctors and before arrival of doctors to provide first aid to the patient.

Signs of stroke in women and men are as follows:

  • Spontaneous headache with dizziness, sometimes – nausea and urge to vomit;
  • Sudden numbness or tingling in the face, extremities;
  • Weakness in the limbs-legs and hands become “cotton”;
  • Total or partial loss of control over muscles of the body;
  • Speech and its perception (the inability to articulate clearly and to pronounce words, to understand someone else speaking);
  • Vision problems (short-term blindness, double vision);
  • Disorders of consciousness of varying degrees, up to coma;
  • Loss of coordination and equilibrium of the body;
  • Seizures;
  • Increase or decrease in the frequency of heart beats, breathing;
  • Sharp rise in blood pressure;
  • Dysphagia.

How to recognize the disease in another person

Behavior and state of a person who has a stroke may seem strange or to resemble alcoholic intoxication. Hemorrhage or brain ischemia can be recognized in several ways:

  • First, it is necessary to look at the man, wondering if he needed help. Pleaseattention to how he answers the question: after a stroke, it becomes difficult.
  • Ask him to smile and spend a simple test: if the corners of the mouth are on different levels, and the smile seem skewed, this is a definite symptom of a stroke.
  • In this disease the muscles are too weakened, and in order to verify this, just asking the patient to raise his hands up or share him with a handshake. In both cases, the task will seem difficult to him.
rehabilitation after stroke in the home

Rules of first aid

Regardless of the condition of the patient-unconscious or conscious, urgent need to call an ambulance. It is extremely important not to lose precious rescue time before the arrival of specialists. Remember that every minute counts, so you need to follow the following algorithm of actions:

  • The Patient should be in supine position with elevated approximately 30° head.
  • If he observed retching, turn his head and torso to the side to avoid getting vomit in the respiratory system.
  • It is Important to clear the airway and to clear the oral cavity if vomiting has already occurred.
  • The Victim should not give water or food, as in stroke in humans often occur spasms of the respiratory tract.
  • The Patient should be mandatory to ensure supply of fresh air by opening a vent or window. It is necessary to remove or unbutton constraining clothes, loosen belt, collar.

If the room where the patient has a blood pressure monitor and blood glucose meter, you must measure and record the blood pressure, blood sugar, and as soon as he arrived the medical team to report. If the pressure will be increased, in any case impossible to reduce it by the use of drugs! In the first hours after stroke symptom indicative of adaptation of the brain. Antihypertensive drugs given to the victim only hours after the incident.

In the case of respiratory arrest and heart need to act without delay, to carry out CPR, and to make the patient artificial respiration. Other rescue measures – it is the task of professionals.

Survey

Symptoms of a stroke usually cause no doubts among the professionals, but to assign the appropriate intensive therapy is important to clarify the type of disease and degree of brain damage. In addition, it is necessary to differentiate a stroke from a malignant neoplasm.

After seeing the patient and examining physician medical history conduct a clinical diagnosis of stroke, which usually consists of several research procedures:

  • Blood;
  • Computed tomography (CT);
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI);
  • Ultrasound of vessels of head and neck, including the carotid arteries;
  • Angiography;
  • Echocardiography.
symptoms of stroke in men

The Survey is conducted in a short time – from the moment of receipt of the patient in the emergency Department before the start of the intensive care services it should take no more than an hour. According to the results of emergency diagnostics of stroke prescribers and medical treatments.

Basic principles of treatment

Therapy of stroke in several stages. First, the victim have a medical emergency, which allows you to stop the irreversible processes, to preserve life and prevent the development of recurrent cerebral circulatory disorders. The sooner you get started the therapy, the more likely the patient is to prevent negative effects and restore health. Usual treatment for stroke victim prescribe many medications, while self-administration of medication without the recommendations of the doctor invalid. In addition, the scheme of therapeutic measures will depend on the kind of stroke.

In the following days, the patient is prescribed maintenance drugs, constantly monitor the indicators of health. To identify the positive dynamics can appoint repeated examination, regardless of the severity of stroke symptoms. After treatment begins the difficult stage of rehabilitation.

methods of exercise therapy for different types of stroke

Emergency treatment of ischemic stroke

Treatment of this disease, differs radically from the principles of therapy of intracerebral hematoma. In the first place experts select the drugs that can dissolve the blood clot blocking the vessel. In addition, treatment should be aimed at preventing recurrent ischemic stroke. In ICD-10 there are several varieties, each of which is assigned a separate code. Among them are heart attacks precerebral brain and cerebral arteries due to blockage or stenosis, and infarcts of brain unspecified type.

Comprehensive treatment of acute disorders of cerebral circulation is the application of tablets, injections and medical procedures. Individual attention drug to a tissue activatorplasminogen (“Activate”, “Actilyse”). For the treatment of ischemic stroke type, these agents are essential, as their direct purpose is to dissolve blood clots. However, they can not always be used, as have a number of contraindications and features:

  • First, you can use them no later than 3-4 hours after ischemia.
  • Second, tissue plasminogen activator is used to treat the second stroke and the next.
  • Third, these tools are not suitable for patients with diabetes mellitus, ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, renal failure.

In Addition to the drugs tissue plasminogen activator, affected by ischemic stroke appointed:

  • Antiplatelet agents (“Aspirin”, “Tickled”, “Pentoxifylline”, “Clopidrogel”, “Dipyridamole");
  • Anticoagulants ("Warfarin", "Dabigatran" “Heparin”, “Nadroparin calcium”, “enoxaparin sodium”, “Fenilin");
  • Statins (“Atorvastatin”, “Atoris”, “Simvastatin”).

Bleeding in the brain, treatment options

Treatment of intracerebral hematoma oriented towards stopping the bleeding and removing of artery clot which puts pressure on brain structures. Often in hemorrhagic stroke patients there are indications for neurosurgical intervention.

stroke ICD 10

Drug therapy is to use:

  • Antihypertensive drugs (“children”, “Labetalol") or increase in blood pressure (called"Dopamine");
  • Selective beta-blockers (“Atenolol”, “Bisoprolol");
  • Fever reducing medicines ("Paracetamol");
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent congestive pneumonia and uroseptics to prevent infections of the urinary tract;
  • Diuretics ("Lasix”, “Furosemide");
  • Decongestant drug administration ("Mannitol”, “Albumin”);
  • Anticonvulsants, antiemetics (“Thiopental”, “Reglan”).

Medicines after discharge

He found himself at home the patient is awaiting the next stage – rehabilitation after stroke. At home continues taking the medication. In the recovery period the patient is prescribed:

For the stabilization of metabolic processes in brain cells

  • “Ginkgo-Fort»
  • “Actovegin”
  • “Solcoseryl”
  • “candles”
  • “Ceraxon”

To improve brain and mental activities

  • “Antibiotic"
  • “Lucetam”
  • "Piracetam"

To restore normal blood supply

  • “Cerebrolysin”
  • “Pentoxifylline”

To resolve related symptoms of stroke in men and women (vomiting, nausea, irritability, elevated body temperature, etc.) medications used in coordination with a physician.

The consequences of violations of cerebral circulation and prognosis

Normal life after a stroke is possible, but in order to recover from this disease have to go through a difficult path of rehabilitation. Complications of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke often

  • Paralysis or paresis;
  • The violation of coherent speech, swallowing;
  • Amnesia;
  • Loss of existing self-help skills;
  • Pain or numbness in the body.

The Man who has had a stroke, especially need love and care for loved ones. It is important to understand that the actions of individuals caring for a person depends largely on the forecast. A brain stem stroke in 2 % of cases develop again – in this case, the chances of recovery decrease exponentially.

the stroke man

In General, the prognosis is unfavorable. In hemorrhagic stroke with bleeding into the center of the brain 90% of patients die within the first month. If the victim is in a coma, provoked by the swelling in the brain, the probability of recovery in the future, unfortunately, is close to zero. Repeat the stroke happened sooner than a month after the previous one, does not leave any chance to recover.

Exercises for rehabilitation

Along with medication is of immense importance, rehabilitation exercises after a stroke. In the absence of the ability to pass the rehabilitation period in a specialized medical center, patient waiting hard and long work on the restoration of lost function and motor activity. While undergoing stroke rehabilitation at home it is important to follow the recommendations of the occupational therapist and physiotherapist. The effectiveness and duration of the course of physiotherapy depends on the site of the injured brain and the extent of the damage.

Despite the variety of existing methods of physical therapy for different types of stroke, all are based on common principles. So, the initial course of physiotherapy, regardless of whether the patient suffered a hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke involves passive movement of the limbs and massages are done with consideration of the affected muscle. On the hands massage the extensor and feet –flexors of legs and feet. The transition from passive exercises to active part of physical therapy involves the gradual involvement of the muscles of the paralyzed part of the body. Exercises are performed at a slow pace, gently and smoothly, they must not make the patient uncomfortable and painful sensations.

signs of stroke in women first aid

Next let's focus on one of the possible sets of exercises of physical therapy after stroke

  • Exercise # 1. Is carried out first by the unaffected hand activated the elbow and wrist joints. Repeat the motion 4 or 5 times. Then the same is done with the affected limb. It may be necessary to help the patient to do flexion movement.
  • Exercise # 2. Inhale deeply and exhale, repeat 8-10 times.
  • Exercise # 3. Try to raise and lower the shoulders. Exercise should be done rhythmically for 20-30 seconds.
  • Exercise # 4. The circular movements of the feet (first healthy leg, then – paralyzed). Repeat at least 5-6 times.
  • Exercise # 5. If you bent the legs to withdraw and allow the hip. The exercise is done with both limbs 4-8 times.
  • Exercise # 6. Bend your back without lifting your pelvis with partial voltage. Repeat a few times.
  • Exercise # 7. Spend a minute breathing exercises.

As the offensive improvements the complex therapy is more complicated in the later period of treatment of hemiparesis. Next, therapeutic exercises are performed in positions reclining, sitting, standing. Also gymnastics are complemented by walking and learning self-care.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/health/16623-stroke-symptoms-types-causes-first-aid-diagnosis-treatment-and-rehabil.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/zdaro-e/32200-nsul-t-s-mptomy-v-dy-prychyny-pershaya-dapamogu-dyyagnostyka-lyachenne.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/gesundheit/31875-schlaganfall-symptome-arten-ursachen-erste-hilfe-diagnose-behandlung-u.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-salud/31735-derrame-cerebral-s-ntomas-tipos-causas-primeros-auxilios-diagn-stico-t.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/health/18275-stroke-symptoms-types-causes-first-aid-diagnosis-treatment-and-rehabil.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/health/16316-stroke-symptoms-types-causes-first-aid-diagnosis-treatment-and-rehabil.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/densauly/32526-insul-t-simptomdary-t-rler-sebepter-al-ash-y-k-mek-diagnostika-emdeu-z.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/zdrowie/33585-udar-m-zgu-objawy-rodzaje-przyczyny-pierwsza-pomoc-diagnostyka-leczeni.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/sa-de/33337-acidente-vascular-cerebral-os-sintomas-os-tipos-as-causas-a-primeira-a.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/sa-l-k/28955-nme-belirtileri-e-itleri-nedenleri-ilk-yard-m-tan-tedavi-ve-rehabilita.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/zdorov-ya/32736-nsul-t-simptomi-vidi-prichini-persha-dopomoga-d-agnostika-l-kuvannya-t.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/health/1684-stroke-symptoms-types-causes-first-aid-diagnosis-treatment-and-rehabil.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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