The Emergence of States often the on the principle “if the stars are lit it means that someone who needs it”. Every time this process is accompanied by noticeable changes in the surrounding world. Fashion changes, principles, traditions, and sometimes changes the structure of the language. Trendsetter has always been the center of cultural and political life of the world, who had the ability to change geographical location. Greece, Italy, France, Germany, England for many centuries passed each other “palm”. The result was the assimilation of many professional terms and common words, the system of the peoples of Europe and Asia, which have become examples of internationalisms. However, there was a process over many decades.
The Presence of foreign or borrowed words in the native language does not bother anyone. Meanwhile, a special place among them occupy internationalisms. Examples allow us to conclude that these words have common semantics in a number of languages, and a fully (or partially) coincide in meaning and often indicate the terms of international significance.
Language | Russian translation | Word |
Russian, Bulgarian | The Situation | The situation |
Czech | The Situation | Situace |
English, French, German | The Situation | The Situation |
Polish | The Situation | Situacja |
Italian | The Situation | The Situation |
Spanish | The Situation | Situacion |
Arabic | Independence | Iistikial |
Turkish | Independence | Istiki&goiânia;l |
Afghan | Independence | Istikiál |
Persian | Independence | Esteglal |
Sample words-of internationalisms sometimes retain a sound structure from language to language, along with the semantics.
Language | The Semantics and meaning in different languages | Word |
Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian | Remains | The Atom |
Czech, Polish, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Albanian | An Atom | |
German | An Atom | |
French | Atome | |
Spanish, Italian | Atomo | |
Finnish | Atomi | |
Latvian | Atoms |
There are so-called pseudointernational – word, is virtually identical in pronunciation and spelling but with different meanings. They can be called interlingual paronyms. They occur quite frequently in all languages. This is clearly seen in a comparative analysis of Russian and English languages.
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The English form of the word | Translations into Russian language | Incorrect translation to Russian language |
Accurate | Accurate | Neat. |
The Actual | Actual, current | The Actual |
Aggressive | Energetic, initiative | Aggressive |
Alley | Lane | Alley |
Ammunition | Ammunition | Ammunition |
Anecdote | Interesting, or instructive incident from the life of famous people | Anecdote |
Angina | Angina | Sore throat. |
Causes of pseudointernational a few:
The Life and development of the individual peoples do not go unnoticed by the General public. Thus, the development of the Greek school of philosophy, culture, left a rich legacy of examples of internationalisms in Russian language. The emergence of capitalism has influenced people all over the world, making the composition of languages new words that are pronounced the same and hadthe same conceptual and semantic load.
The Passion of the Russian nobility of the French language has also made a contribution to the development of the language. Many French words in the modern society is not even perceived as borrowed, and are an example of words, internationalisms in Russian language.
The Dominance of England in the political, economic and cultural life of Europe of the 19th – early 20th century opens the door for a flood of English words in national languages all over the world.
Supplier of internationalisms is not only the domination of individual Nations, but also useful properties of objects and customs or the originality of the phenomena manifested in certain geographical conditions. This happens in the case of recognition of the uniqueness and universality of things and events for most of humanity. This example from the history of internationalisms are small words used in the modern world almost everywhere.
Word | The meaning of the word and geographical distribution | Language |
Mazurka | The name of the dance/ prevalent in Europe. | Polish |
Sauna. | The Healing tradition of the Northern peoples/ distributed in Eurasia, America | Finnish |
Algebra, number, algorithm | Mathematical terms/ widespread | Arabic |
Coffee. | Invigorating drink/ widespread | Arabic |
Ginseng, tea | A Drink with medicinal properties/ widespread | The Chinese |
Ju-Jutsu (JIU-jitsu) | Martial art (“the invisible art of killing without weapons")/ widespread | Japanese (syllable “g” in Japanese language there, so his pronunciation is a mistake) |
Veranda | The extension to the house/ widespread | The Indian |
Enumerated list is not exhaustive, but only indicative.
The Borrowed words differ not only in degree of assimilation, the preservation of semantics and meaning, but also by origin. A large number of examples of internationalisms in the modern world have Greek and Latin roots. In a detailed analysis, you notice that the borrowings relate to professional terminology, science, philosophy. Examples of internationalisms are words, and the whole phraseological expressions. The Latin language, though called “dead”, but is successfully used in medicine, physics, biology and other Sciences. Known forms of borrowing is:
The Greek word in the Russian version | The Latin word in the Russian version | The Greek prefixes in the Russian version | Latin prefixes in the Russian version | Greek affixes in the Russian version | Latin affixes in the Russian version | Greco-Latin words in the Russian version |
The Atom | Matter | Bio | Socio- | -graphy | Al | Sociology |
Automatic | The Principle of | Geo- | Aqua | -logy | -AP | The TV |
Democracy | The Individual | Hydro- | Ferro- | -metry | -AlN | Socialism |
The Philosophy | The Republic | Anthropo- | Inter- | -Phil | -ARN, | Biathlon |
Dialectic | Progress | Neo- | Sub- | FOB | Cheers | Futurology |
The Thesis | Poly- | Super- | -OID | -Oriya | Fluoroscopy | |
Synthesis | The Faculty | Pseudo- | Quasi- | -edited | -tion | Carcinogen |
The Universality of the Latin language that in the preparation of new terms you can use any of its elements.
Change the direction of economic development in the direction of capitalism contributed to the enrichment of European languages examples of internationalisms in the financial sector, construction, painting and music. Italy in this case was a trendsetter.
Internationalisms of Italian descent | Russian translation |
Banca | The Bank |
Credito | Kredit |
Saldo | Balance. |
Facciata | The Façade |
Balcone | Balcony. |
Sonata | Sonata |
Ponte Romano | Battalion |
17-18-th century marked a new example of internationalism in the language and culture of Europeans. The dominant state in the field of fashion, social life, cooking was France. A Greco-Roman word became internationalisms due to the French revolutionary movements, such as: revolution, the Constitution, patriotism, proletarian and many others.
Internationalisms of French origin | Russian translation |
Mode | Fashion |
Etiquette | Etiquette |
Boudoire | Boudoir |
Bouillon | Broth, |
Omelette | Scrambled eggs |
Delicat | Delicate |
Elegant | Elegant |
Social, political and economic life of Europe is generously filled up by words from the English language. It should be noted that England had at one time the most powerful Navy and was the leader of the trade relations with the world. Trade-diplomatic mission had carried with them and a part of English culture and traditions in every colony and the country's allies.
Internationalisms of English origin | Russian translation |
The Interview | The interview |
The Leader | The leader |
Dumping | Dumping |
Export | Export |
Record | The record |
Comfort | Comfort |
Jeans | Jeans |
Despite conflicting opinions about the presence of numerous borrowings from German, linguists have concluded the opposite trend. In Germany, 40% of the words are internationalisms, with the vast majority of them - Anglo-Americanisms. In this regard, was released dictionary Anglizismenliste. It is intended for search and replacement of Americanisms equivalent German words, leaving right of choice for users. The lost identity of the German language is relevant in the present time. Some words of daily use still come from Germany.
Internationalisms of German descent | Russian translation |
Drell | The Drill |
Kran | The Crane |
Gefreiter | Corporal |
Bombarder | Bombardier |
Ramin | Fireplace |
Flpenstock | Trekking poles |
Hantel | Dumbbell |
Borrowed the word appeared in Russian not sudden. It is progressive, systematic centuries-old process. Upgrade word examples of internationalisms in the Russian language contributed to the different extralinguistic factors (migration, changes in political, economic, social system, etc.). Subject to the availability of borrowed words in the native language a matter of debates among linguists. For example, Germany can be argued that disputes are groundless and compliance"Golden mean" definitely.
Article in other languages:
AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/education/13532-internationalisms.html
BE: https://tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/24201-internacionalizmy-pryklady-g-story.html
DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/24225-internacionalizmy-beispiele-in-der-geschichte.html
ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/24245-internacionalizmy-ejemplos-en-la-historia.html
HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/education/13551-internationalisms.html
JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/13555-internationalisms.html
KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/24184-internacionalizmy-mysaldar-tarihy.html
PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/24134-internacionalizmy-przyk-ady-w-historii.html
PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/24132-internacionalizmy-exemplos-na-hist-ria.html
TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/24195-internacionalizmy-rnekler-hikayeler.html
UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/24173-nternac-onal-zmi-prikladi-v-stor.html
ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/education/14274-internationalisms.html
Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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