Manual transmission: the device and working principle

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2020-01-28 00:00:28

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Currently, almost every modern car is equipped with automatic transmission, which each time becomes more difficult. And, despite the fact that these units are significantly superior to a manual transmission, the latter has its admirers. Some drivers still prefer vehicles with mechanical (manual) transmission.

transmission

With automatic transmission is much more complicated, and if someone wants to understand the principle of operation of this node, it should start with mechanical. This article focuses on just her.

The Most essential element of any car

First heard the strange term "transmission", many students immediately wonder, what is this unit and what it's for. Everyone knows that for the movement of the car needed the engine. Its work principle is now known to almost every motorist: the transformation of reciprocating movements of the pistons into rotation of the crankshaft, otherwise referred to as torque.

However, this is the rotation you need to pass on the wheels. Here's how this is and transmission. Anyone who is familiar with the peculiarities of driving cars with a manual transmission, knows it.

Under the term hiding special mechanisms through which the vehicle moves at different speeds, if necessary, to give back up (with the inclusion of the respective transfer).

The Design of these units involved the leading specialists in the automobile factories. And transmission are important requirements:

  • The Node must ensure the transfer of maximum power of the engine.
  • Be reliable.
  • Vehicle should be easy.
  • Weight of all elements should be as effortless as possible.
  • During operation, the noise is extremely undesirable.

If the transmission is characterized by high efficiency and reliability, the driver should not have to worry about anything: the fuel can be used to the maximum, and the mechanism will faithfully serve for a long time.

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But if the control of a manual transmission from Nissan (for example) complex, it causes serious discomfort from the driver and considerably reduces his alertness on the road. All this threatens the risk of getting into an accident.

Cars with manual transmission

As for the weight, too heavy the unit will be considerably more expensive for buyers. Therefore manufacturers are trying to alleviate the weight of the mechanisms to the maximum.

What is meant by the term Amateur “mechanics”?

Mechanical, or manual, as I like to say some drivers, transmission (manual) plays a simple but at the same time an important role. It not only transmits the torque from the engine to the wheels, but also contributes to the change in the transmission ratio. All depends on the driver – it decides itself when to switch to the proper health of the whole car. This is the whole point of manual transmission control.

Despite the popularity of automatic transmission, manual transmission is not going to take their positions, and here's why:

  • Design as simple as possible.
  • Parts and components are reliable against mechanical influences and overloading.
  • The cost of the repair and maintenance of the unit (even capital) are not as good as his automatic competitor.

And while these qualities will be valued by motorists, some cars will still be equipped with “mechanics”. It is no accident that some modern automatic transmission feature a manual shift. A vivid example – Tiptronic.

Varieties of manual transmission

Manual transmission are classified according to the number of these steps:

  • 4;
  • 5;
  • 6.

Five-speed manual transmission is the most common, so it is equipped with most cars. Also take into account the number of shafts:

  • 3;
  • 2.

Three-shaft manual gearbox equipped with primarily rear wheel drive cars, while twin-shaft transmission – only cars with front wheel drive. Actually, this whole classification ends.

Gear ratio

Manual transmission refers to the stepwise mechanisms, i.e. the torque is changed by steps. Stage is called the pair of interacting gears. Each of these pairs transmits the rotation of the wheels with a certain angular velocity. Put differently, at each stage the individual gear ratios.

What ratio?

The gear ratio should be understood the ratio of the number of driven gear teeth to the number of teeth of the driving gear. In other words, the number of teeth of the driven gears is equal to 60, and the leading – 30, that is, the gear ratio of this pair – 60 : 30 = 2. For any gear, this parameter is essential.

In the lowest stage gear ratio highest, in the highest – the lowest. In fact, due to thismanual transmission may both increase and reduce torque.

From the gear ratio depend on characteristics such a car as the dynamics of acceleration and maximum speed. That is what it is, the faster the crankshaft spins up to maximum speed, and the transfer of more “strong”. However, the speed that develops on it is reduced. So with a large gear ratio you have to shift gears.

Device ILAC

The Engine of any car operates in the continuous mode, which is undesirable for effective functioning of PPC. Shifting gears constantly rotating main shaft, will inevitably lead to the malfunction of transmission due to breakage of teeth and other negative consequences. For this reason, you need another hub – a clutch through which the power unit and transmission at the right moment for a while disconnected.

the Principle of operation of the ICIE

To understand how the manual transmission, for novice drivers, let us examine each type in more detail.

Three-shaft transmission

The three-shaft design of the box consists of three basic elements – shafts:

  • Leading (primary) – is connected to the clutch mechanism, for which there are special slots for the slave drive. Torque transmission is carried out using the same gear that is the hard link.
  • Intermediate – is parallel to the first shaft. It is also in a hard gear is the gear unit.
  • Slave (secondary) – is on the same axis and the drive shaft. He also present the gear unit, but unlike the other shafts, not fixed, and therefore can rotate freely. Between his gears located synchronizers, which are necessary to synchronize the angular velocities of the gears of the driven shaft with the rotation itself. With the shaft of the manual transmission of the car they also is rigidly fixed but can move in the longitudinal plane by means of a spline connection. All modern units are synchronizers for each gear.

In Addition to this, the switching mechanism, all located in the crankcase Assembly, called the body. As to the first, it is located directly on the transaxle case. The mechanism how the control lever and the sliders with plugs. There is also a locking device to prevent simultaneous actuation of the two gear.

To make the Carter box is an aluminum or magnesium alloy. In addition to all the necessary parts and mechanisms, it holds oil.

Twin-shaft transmission

This box is arranged almost the same but with a small addition. It also has two shaft:

  • Lead;
  • Driven.

Both Have a block of gears with synchronizers, as they are located in parallel as in the above-described structure. And the said addition – the presence of a main transmission and differential sump mechanical transmission. Their function – the transfer of torque to the drive wheels of the vehicle. Moreover, the differential, if necessary, can provide a different angular velocity.

manual transmission removed from car

Is of course Not without the switching mechanism, which is usually remote. In other words, it is located outside the housing box. And for their connection used any traction cables. Moreover, the cable connection is optimal, therefore more often used.

The Principle of operation transmission

When the control lever is in the neutral position, the torque from the crankshaft to the wheels is not transmitted. Together with starting the engine, the input shaft rotates together with the crankshaft. To enable the desired speed, it is necessary to press the clutch pedal to disconnect the shafts.

Now you can move the control lever in the desired direction. At the same time moves the synchronizer sleeve through the plug and is used need a couple of gears. It allows you to choose the optimum torque depending on driving conditions.

Driving a car with a manual transmission will be reviewed later, and while the principle of operation of a different design.

How does the twin-shaft transmission

Twin-shaft transmission operates almost on the same principle, but the difference is still there: the torque is transmitted by means of only a pair of gears, whereas in the three-shaft design involved the third gear of the intermediate shaft. In addition, there is no direct transmission, and gear ratio – 1:1.

In addition, the gear change does not produce the fork and the stem. He pushes the necessary gear, and that engages with the other, and after fixed. To turn on the rear speed is activated in a separate gear on its shaft. And this is true for both types of manual transmission.

Advantages of manual transmission

Some positive points have already been listed above, so make some sort of generalization. The typical advantages of the box:

  • Relatively light weight;
  • Low cost;
  • The design is simple and clear;
  • High degree of reliability;
  • Maintenance and repairs are inexpensive.

In cars with manual transmissionthe engine is rigidly connected to the transmission, thereby achieving maximum efficiency when moving on the ice or off road. Besides manual gearbox can, if necessary, completely disconnect from the engine for seamless pull or push.

The Disadvantages are also present

Unfortunately, without the disadvantages can not do, at least not so much. First of all, it concerns the need for regular periodic transmissions, which can tire the driver on long journeys.

driving a car with manual transmission

Among other shortcomings:

  • Gear ratio change speed.
  • The Resource of coupling is not high enough.

Therefore, “mechanics”, though, is the main type of powertrain, but not the most popular. Maybe in a couple of decades and it will lose its relevance, and finally.

Features driving with manual transmission

For correct use of the car with manual transmission requires certain skills. Many beginners, especially women (maybe not all) can be difficult. You must remember the position of the control lever for each gear. It's easy, because it is a scheme. In addition, you should know what speed range works each transfer.

The Speed modes depending on the transmission:

  • 1st gear – 15-20 km/h.
  • 2nd gear – 30-40 km/h.
  • 3rd gear – 50-60 km/h.
  • 4th gear – not more than 80 km/h.
  • 5th gear – more than 80 km/h.

But it is better to focus on the readings of the tachometer. To switch to high gear, it is recommended to achieve a certain number of revolutions of the crankshaft depending on engine type:

  • Diesel – 1500-2000;
  • Gasoline – 2000-2500.

To avoid premature repair a manual transmission, before you start the engine you must make sure that the lever occupies a neutral position. The left leg is controlled only by the clutch pedal, and the right is responsible for the other two – the only way not to confuse.

Before you start, squeezed the clutch, included the first transfer, then the left foot gradually released the clutch at the same time with your right foot then slowly pressed the accelerator pedal. Further switching takes place upon reaching the speed threshold: the clutch pedal is depressed (foot off gas it must be removed), it switches to second gear – further, all the same.

The Basic malfunctions of a “mechanics”

Despite the simplicity, the manual transmission is a fairly complex system, which has a large amount of moving parts. Because of this, she can be faulty, but often it is the failure of the main units of the unit, lack of oil in the crankcase or loose elements in the box.

Repair manual transmission

This can occur due to improper maintenance, low quality items, natural wear and tear. In addition, this may also include the conduct of poor maintenance or complete lack of maintenance.

To Determine whether you need transmission replacement or repair, it is possible according to the features. If the neutral position of the lever it makes a noise – then, worn drive shaft bearing. It can also be due to lack of oil. But if noise occurs during the shift, then the problem may lie in the clutch of the synchronizer.

Summary

Knowing the device and work principle of manual transmission, to understand how the automatic transmission, it will be a little easier. ICIE was and still remains practical and familiar to many drivers of the unit, despite some nuances. In General, your car need to know from before, allowing to enrich the experience.


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DE: https://tostpost.com/de/autos/29781-schaltgetriebe-struktur-und-arbeitsweise.html

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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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