The mechanism of interpersonal perception. The perception of man by man. Social perception

The Knowledge of one person by another is always accompanied by emotional partner, attempt to understand his actions, a forecast of changes in his behavior and modeling their own behavior. As this process involves at least two people and each of them actively participates in building a communications strategy, each must take into account not only the motives and needs of another, but his understanding of the motivations and needs of the partner. The process of interpersonal perception is also called social perception.

The Mechanism of interpersonal perception – the way in which people interpretirovat and evaluates another. Such methods can be quite a lot. Today we'll look at the basic mechanisms of interpersonal perception: identification, empathy, self-centeredness, attraction, reflection, stereotype, and causal attribution.

Identification

The First and primary mechanism of interpersonal perception is the identification of man by man. From the point of view of social psychology it confirms the fact that the simplest way of understanding the partner is the likening yourself to him.

In General, identification has several talkany:

1. Identification with another individual based on an emotional connection.
2. The Assimilation of values, roles, and moral qualities of the other person.
3. Copy the thoughts, feelings or actions of another person.

The Most succinct definition of identity is as follows. Identification – understanding the partner via his conscious or unconscious identification with him, trying to feel his state, mood and attitude to the world, putting yourself in his place.

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Empathy

The Second mechanism is interpersonal perception is closely linked to the first. Empathy called emotional desire to respond to battering another person's problem, sympathize with him and to empathize.

Also, empathy is interpreted as:

1. Understanding the state of another individual.
2. Mental process aimed at identifying other people's feelings.
3. Action that helps an individual to build communication in a special way.
4. The Ability to penetrate into the mental state of another person.

The empathy increases in the case of similarity of the interlocutors, and also at acquisition of the individual life experience. The higher the empathy, the more colorful people imagine the impact of one event on the lives of different people, and the more he is aware of the existence of different views on life.

Individual who are prone to empathy, you can see the following:

1. Tolerance of other people's feelings.
2. The Ability to delve into the inner world of the interlocutor, without revealing their world Outlook.
3. Adapt your worldview to the worldview of another person with the aim of achieving mutual understanding.

The Similarities of empathy with identification

The mechanism of empathy there are some similarities with the mechanism of identification. In both cases we have the ability to look at things from the point of view of another person. However, empathy, in contrast to identification, does not involve identification with the interlocutor. Identifying himself with a partner, one has to accept his behavior pattern and build the same. Showing the same empathy, the individual simply takes into account the behaviour of the interlocutor, while continuing to regulate their behavior independently.

Antichnosti is considered one of the most important skills of a psychologist, physician, teacher and leader. Empathic attention (hearing), according to K. Rogers, is a special relationship to the partner, based on a synthesis of identification and empathy. The inclusion in the other person, allowing to reach the openness of contact – the identity function. This “immersion in the conversation” in its pure form has negative consequences – psychologist “associated” the difficulties of the client, and he begins to hurt his problems. Here comes the empathic component – ability to removal from the state. Thus, the totality of mechanisms such as identification of human, and empathy, allows a psychologist to provide real assistance to customers.

Types of empathy

Empathic experiences can be adequate and inadequate. For example, one grief is sad, and the other – joy.

In addition, empathy can be:

1. Emotional. Based on the projection mechanism and role model effective and motor reactions of the interlocutor.
2. Cognitive. Based on intellectual processes.
3. Predicate. Expresses a person's ability to predict reactions of the interlocutor in a given situation.

An Important form of empathy is the empathy-the experience of one individual feelings, emotions and attitudes experienced by the other. This occurs through identification with the person and sympathy for him.

Egocentrism

The Third mechanism of interpersonal perception, in contrast to the previous two, complicates the cognition of individuals to each other, not facilitates it. Egocentrism – is the concentration of a person on their personal experiences and interests, which leads to the fact that heloses the ability to understand people with a different worldview.

Egocentrism is:

1. Informative. Manifested in the process of thinking and perception.
2. Moral. Illustrates the inability of man to understand the reasons for the behavior of others.
3. Communicative. Expressed disrespect to the semantic concepts of the interlocutor.

Interpersonal attraction

The Attraction is gravitation, or the attraction of one person to another, due to mutual interest. In the psychology of interpersonal attraction means friendly relations between people and the expression of sympathy to each other. The development of attachment one region to another arises as a consequence of an emotional relationship, which causes a range of feelings and is expressed as social setting to another person.

Reflection

Considering the psychological mechanisms of interpersonal perception, not to mention reflection. Reflection call a person's awareness of his evaluate and perceive other individuals. That is, the representation of the person about what opinion of him the source. This element of social cognition, on the one hand, means the knowledge of the person of the interlocutor through what he thinks about it, and on the other – self-knowledge through it. Thus, the wider the social circle of the individual, the more ideas on how others perceive, and the more a person knows about themselves and others.

Stereotype

This is a very important and rather comprehensive mechanism of interpersonal perception. The stereotype in the context of interpersonal attraction – a process of forming an opinion about a person based on personal prejudices (stereotypes).

In 1922 to refer to representations associated with inaccuracy and falsehood, V. Limpan introduced a term such as “social pattern”. As a rule, the formation of stable samples of any social object is invisible even for the individual.

It Is believed that due to weak comprehension of stereotypes are firmly entrenched in the form of sustainable standards and has received power over people. Stereotype occurs in conditions of lack of information or is the result of generalization of their own experience of the individual. The experience is often added information from film, literature and other sources.

Due to the stereotype of people can quickly and, as a rule, securely, to simplify the social environment, place it in a certain standards and categories, to make it more understandable and predictable. Cognitive basis of stereotyping forming processes such as restriction, selection, and categorization of large flow of social information. As for the motivational basis of this mechanism, its formative process evaluation of the promotion in favor of a particular group that give a person a sense of belonging and security.

Stereotype:

1. Selection of information.
2. The Formation and support of positive image “I”.
3. Creation and support of group ideology justifying and explaining the behavior of the group.
4. The Formation and support of positive image “We”.

Thus, stereotypes are the regulators of social relations. Their main features are: saving of thinking, justification of own behavior, satisfaction aggressive tendencies, resistance and output voltage group.

Classification of stereotypes

There are several taking place to be a classification of stereotypes. According to the classification V. Panferova, the stereotypes are: social, anthropological, and ethno-national.

More detail on the classification by A. Rean, according to which stereotypes are:

1. Anthropological. Manifested in the case when the assessment of psychological qualities of a person and his personality depends on the characteristics of appearance, that is, anthropological features.
2. Ethno-national. Relevant in the case when a psychological evaluation of a person is influenced by his belonging to a particular ethnic group, race or nation.
3. Social status. Have a place to be in if estimation of personal qualities of the individual depends on his social status.
4. Socio-playing. In this case, the assessment of the individual is subordinated to the social roles and role functions of individuals.
5. Expressive-aesthetic. Psychological assessment of personality mediated the external attractiveness of a person.
6. Verbal. Criterion for personality assessment are its external features: facial expressions, pantomime, language and so on.

There are other classifications. In them, except the previous one, and considered the following stereotypes: professional (generalized image representative of a particular profession), physiognomic (the features of the exterior are linked by identity), ethnic and other.

The Most studied are considered national stereotypes. They illustrate the relationship of people to the different ethnic groups. Such stereotypes are often part of the mentality of the nation and its identity, and also have a clear link with the national character.

Emerging in terms of lack of information, stereotyping as a mechanism of interpersonal perception, you may perform a conservative and even reactionary role, giving people the wrong idea about the other and deforming processes of interpersonalinteraction and understanding. Therefore, to determine the truth or fallacy of social stereotypes need purely on the basis of analysis of specific situations.

Causal attribution

Considering the mechanisms of social perception, we should not ignore such a fascinating phenomenon of causal attribution. Not knowing or insufficient understanding of the true motives of the other individual, people finding themselves in conditions of deficiency of information can ascribe false reasons for the behavior. In social psychology this phenomenon is called “causal attribution”.

Considering how people interpretiruya the behavior of others, the scientists found the so-called fundamental error of attribution. It is due to the fact that people overestimate the importance of personality traits of others, and underestimate influence of the situation. Other researchers found the phenomenon of “self-centered attribution”. It is based on the ability of people to attribute success and other people – failures.

G. Kelly identified three types of attribution:

1. Personal. The reason is attributed to the one who committed the act.
2. Objective. The reason is attributed to the object which sent the action.
3. Attribution associated with circumstances. The reason is attributed to circumstances.

The Observer usually resorts to personal attribution, and the party usually withdraws all the circumstances. This feature is clearly seen in the attribution of success and failure.

An Important issue in the consideration of causal attribution is a matter of setting that accompanies the process of perception of man by man, particularly in forming impressions of an unknown person. This was revealed by A. Bodyleva by experiments in which different groups of people showed a photo of one and the same person with characteristics such as “writer”, “hero”, “criminal” and so on. When it triggers verbal portraits of the same person differ. It was revealed that there are people, intractable stereotyped perception. They are called selective stereotypical. Having considered the mechanisms of social perception, now briefly talk about its effects.

Effects of interpersonal perception

The Effect of interpersonal perception is always formed on the basis of stereotypes.

Overall there are three effects:

1. The halo Effect. Is expressed when one person exaggerates the homogeneity of personality of the other, leaving an impression (favorable or not) about one quality all the other qualities. During the formation of first impressions, the halo effect occurs when the overall positive impression of a person leads to a positive appreciation of all its qualities, and Vice versa.
2. The Effect of primacy. Evident when assessing a stranger. The role of the installation in this case is played by the information that was previously submitted.
3. The Effect of novelty. The effect of interpersonal perception is valid in the evaluation of a familiar person, when the last information about him is most significant.

The Formation of ideas about the source always begins with assessment and perception of his physical appearance, appearance and behavior. In the future, this information is the basis of perception and understanding of that person. It can depend on several factors: the individual characteristics of the person, its cultural level, its social experience, aesthetic preferences and so on. An important issue is also the age characteristics of the person who perceives.

For example, a child who has just started to go to kindergarten, communicate with people based on initial perceptions of them, which he formed in communication with parents. Depending on how the child had a relationship before, he manifests irritability, distrust, obedience, pliability or obstinacy.

Conclusion

Summarizing the above, it should be noted that the mechanisms of interpersonal perception are modes of interpretation and evaluation of one person by another. Chief among them are: identification, empathy, self-centeredness, attraction, reflection, stereotype, and causal attribution. Different mechanisms and types of interpersonal perception, as a rule, work in tandem, complementing each other. the